Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Characteristic | Participants of Wave 1 | Wave 1 participant at follow-ups |
|---|---|---|
| N = 3,090 | N = 2,163 | |
| Female | 1,509 (48.8%) | 990 (45.8%) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | ||
| 44.9 ± 10.9 | 46 ± 10.7 | |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1,466 (47.4%) | 1,038 (48.0%) |
| Personal yearly income (yen) | ||
| 0–1,999,999 | 1,460 (54.3%) | 1,019 (49.7%) |
| 2,000,000–3,999,999 | 572 (21.3%) | 420 (20.5%) |
| 4,000,000–5,999,999 | 320 (11.9%) | 237 (11.6%) |
| 6,000,000–7,999,999 | 197 (7.3%) | 140 (6.8%) |
| 8,000,000–9,999,999 | 80 (3.0%) | 60 (2.9%) |
| Over 10,000,000 | 40 (1.5%) | 36 (1.7%) |
| Hx of physical abuse | 1,222 (39.6%) | 818 (37.8%) |
| Hx of emotional abuse | 1,875 (60.7%) | 1,284 (59.4%) |
| Habitual use of alcohol | 1,211 (39.2%) | 849 (39.3%) |
| Habitual use of tobacco | 920 (29.8%) | 669 (30.9%) |
| Hx of self-harm | 778 (25.2%) | 539 (24.9%) |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic status based on PCL-5 | ||
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 1,545 (50%) | 1,005 (46.5%) |
| Trauma experienced without PTSD | 930 (30.1%) | 716 (33.1%) |
| No trauma experienced | 515 (16.7%) | 369 (17.1%) |
| Acute stress disorder (ASD) | 44 (1.42%) | 32 (1.5%) |
| Trauma experienced within 1 month but no ASD | 56 (1.81%) | 41 (1.9%) |
| Psychiatric comorbidities diagnosed and treated in medical settings | ||
| Major depressive disorder (MDD) | 1„630 (52.8%) | 1159 (53.6%) |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) | 471 (15.2%) | 332 (15.4%) |
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | 489 (15.8%) | 350 (16.2%) |
| Panic disorder | 630 (20.4%) | 434 (20.0%) |
| Psychosis | 321 (10.4%) | 210 (9.7%) |
| Bipolar disorder | 335 (10.8%) | 232 (10.7%) |
| PTSD | 422 (13.7%) | 289 (13.4%) |
| Eating disorder | 293 (9.5%) | 202 (9.3%) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | 487 (15.8%) | 350 (16.2%) |
| Dysthymic disorder | 341 (11.0%) | 234 (10.8%) |
| Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale SIDAS score at Time 1 | 20.0 ± 9.7 | 19.8 ± 9.5 |
| SIDAS score at Time 2 | 19.6 ± 9.1 | |
ASD, acute stress disorder; DSM, diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder; PCL, the PTSD checklist; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD, seasonal affective disorder; SD, standard deviation; SIDAS, Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale.