Figure 5.

Design of next-generation NA-based vaccines. (A) The NA antigen can be presented in the native membrane-bound form, as a soluble protein that lacks the transmembrane domain with or without modifications to retain or stabilize the tetrameric structure, or as peptides containing an epitope of interest. (B) Depending on the antigen design, various methods for vaccine delivery are possible. Soluble NA can be administered as a subunit vaccine or coupled to a nanoparticle carrier. Membrane-bound NA can be presented on a virus-like particle or on the cell surface when encoded as RNA or DNA delivered directly or by a viral vector. (C) Strategies to increase the breadth of the immune response include mixing of NAs from different strains, computational design of consensus NAs, or hetero-multivalent mosaic presentation of NAs from different strains on a single particle.