Table 4.
Effects of cobalt application on plant performance.
| Species (common name) | Co application | Effects on plants | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actinidia chinensis Planch. cv. Hayward) (Kiwi) | Fruit was treated with 1 mM Co2+ solution | Inhibited ACC activity in ethylene biosynthesis | Hyodo and Fukasawa, 1985 |
| Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Delta maidenhair fern) | Cut green (frond) was treated with 1 mM Co(NO3)2 solution | Prolonged vase life of frond from 3 to 8.2 days | Fujino and Reid, 1983 |
| Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut) | Seeds were treated with Co(NO3)2 at 500 mg/kg seed and followed by two foliar sprays of cobalt nitrate at 500 mg/L before and after flowering | Significantly increased plant height, leaf number, pod yield, shelling percentage, harvest index, and total dry matter | Raj, 1987 |
| Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut) | CoSO4 was mixed with soil at 0.21 kg/ha | Resulted in 10% higher kernel yield compared with control (without Co application) | Basu and Bhadoria, 2008 |
| Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut) | Seedlings of groundnut at the third true leaf stage were irrigated once with CoSO4 at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/L, respectively | Increased plant height, number of branches and leaf number, leaf area index, root length, shoot and root biomass as well as pods numbers, pods weight, oil yield, total proteins, total carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, and total soluble solids | Gad, 2012a |
| Argyranthemum sp. (Argyranthemum) | Cut flowers preserved in a solution containing 2 mM Co | Increased flower longevity by more than 5 days compared with control (treated with distilled water) | Kazemi, 2012 |
| Avena sativa L. var. 'Condor' (Common oat) | Seeds were treated with 0.001% CoSO4 solution for 24 h, dried at room temperature for 3 days, then sown | Increased grain yields | Saric and Saciragic, 1969 |
| Beta vulgaris L. (Red beet) | CoSO4 was mixed with soil at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mg/kg, respectively | Increased plant growth, root yield, mineral elements as well as protein, carbohydrate, vitamin C, sucrose, and glucose contents | Gad and Kandil, 2009 |
| Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeon pea) | Seeds were treated with Co(NO3)2 at 500 mg/kg seed | Increased chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate, resulting in increased plant height, number of branches, leaves, total dry matter, and yield | Raj, 1987 |
| Cariandrum sativum L. (Coriander) | Irrigated in the form of CoSO4 12.5 mg/L once | Increased coriander herb yield, mineral composition (except Fe), chemical constituents as well as essential oil components | Gad, 2012b |
| Cicer arietinum L. cv GG2 (Chickpea) | Chickpea seedlings at the three-leaf stage were fertigated with CoCl2 at 100 g/ha | Increased protein content and yield by 5.08 and 22.36%, respectively | Rod et al., 2019 |
| Cucumis sativus L. cv. (Cucumber) | Plants were treated with Co(NO3)2 solutions ranging from 1 to 500 ?M | Promoted hypocotyl elongation | Grover and Purves, 1976 |
| Cucurbita pepo cv. Eskandarany (summer squash) | Seeds in continuously aerated solutions of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/L Co2+ for 48 h before sowing | Strongly increased plant growth, femaleness, and fruit yield compared with those of water- (control) or 0.5 mM AOA (aminooxyacetic acid)-soaked seed | Atta-Aly, 1998 |
| Allium cepa L.) cv. Giza 6 Mohassan (Onion) | Co mixed with sand and petmoss in 10.0 mg/kg soil | Significantly promote nutrients and essential oils content along with bulb length, bulb diameter and weight | Attia et al., 2014 |
| Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. “Harlem” (Carnation) | Cut flowers were preserved in CoCl2 solutions at 50, 75, and 100 mg/L, respectively | Suppressed ethylene production and prolonged vase life | Jamali and Rahemi, 2011 |
| Gladiolus grandiflorus Hort. cv. Borrega Roja (Gladiolus) | Plants were treated with solution containing 0.3 mM CoCl2 | Increased stem and leaf N content, chlorophyll concentrations, leaf and stem dry weights, and improved stem absorption of water | Trejo-Téllez et al., 2014 |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean) | Plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 1 and 5 μg/L cobaltous chloride, inoculated with rhizobia in the absence of nitrogen | No N deficiency symptoms, and increased dry weight by 52% compared with the control treatments | Ahmed and Evans, 1959 |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean) | Plants were grown in soil mixed with finely powdered (CoCl2) at the concentration of 50 mg/kg | Increased root and shoot length, leaf area, dry weight, yield, and yield components | Jayakumar et al., 2009 |
| Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean) | Seeds were sown in soil mixed with finely powdered (CoCl2) at 50 mg/kg | Increased yield parameters, leaf area, shoot length, total dry weight as well as total phenol percentage | Vijayarengan et al., 2009 |
| Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. (Rubber) | Plants were grown in Co free sand supplemented with 0.005 mg/kg Co | Increased plant height, stem diameter, and plant dry weight | Bolle-Jones and Mallikarjuneswara, 1957 |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) | Seedlings irrigated once with Co at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/L | Increased plant height, branch numbers, and fruit numbers as well as anthocyanin and flavonoids contents | Aziz et al., 2007 |
| Ipomoea batatas L. (Sweet potato) | Seedlings were irrigated with CoSO4 once at concentrations of 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg/L | Increased growth and yield parameters, nutrient elements (except for Fe) and the chemical contents | Gad and Kandil, 2008 |
| Lilium spp. cv. Star Gazer Lily | Cut flowers were preserved in a solution containing 0.1 mM Co and 4% sucrose with a pH of 3.5 | Extended vase life | Mandujano-Piña et al., 2012 |
| Lilium spp. cv. Prato (Lily) | Cut flowers were treated with 2 mM CoCl2 | Increased vase life from seven to 9 days | Kazemi and Ameri, 2012 |
| Lilium spp. cv. Star Fighter (Lily) | Cut flowers were preserved in solutions containing 0.1, 0.2 mM Co and 4% sucrose with a pH of 3.5 | Extended the lifespan of flowers | Mandujano-Piña et al., 2012 |
| Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniharvest (Blue lupin) | Supplemented 0.9 mg CoSO4.7H2O to each pot containing 6 kg soil | Increased plant growth and N content | Robson et al., 1979 |
| Lycopersicon esculantum Mill. (Tomato) | Ten seeds were sown in a pot containing 3 kg air-dried soil mixed with CoCl2 at 50 mg/kg, seedlings were thinned to 3 | Increased the content of phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in plants | Jayakumar et al., 2013 |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Tomato) | Treated with simple solutions (1 mM CoCl2) plus wetting agent | Delayed gravitropic responses of treated plants | Wheeler and Salisbury, 1981 |
| Malus domestica Borkh. (Apple) | Apple fruit was immersed in a solution containing 1 mM CoCl2 for 1 min | Enhanced activity of protein inhibitor of polygalacturonase (PIPG) and provided better conservation of apple fruit consistency during storage | Bulantseva et al., 2001 |
| Mangifera indica L) cv. Langra (Mango) | Foliar spray with CoSO4 at 1,000 mg/L prior to flower bud differentiation in the first week of October | Reduced floral malformation by 65% and increased the fruit yield by 35% | Singh et al., 1994 |
| Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro | Supplemented with various concentrations Co2+ ranging from 0.1 to 1 mM | Inhibited IAA-induced ethylene production in sporophytes | Tittle, 1987 |
| Phaseolus aureus Roxb. cv. T-44 (Mung bean) | Plants were treated with 50 μM Co in sand culture | Improved plant growth by increasing leaf, stem, and total dry weight compared with the controls | Tewari et al., 2002 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cv. “Burpees Stringless” (Common bean) | Two cycles of pre-sowing soaking and drying treatments by a 1 mg/L of Co(NO3)2 solution | Increased yield and N content over untreated and distilled water-soaked seeds by 48 and 150%, respectively | Mohandas, 1985 |
| Pisum sativum L. (Garden pea) | Seeds sowed in pot containing 10 kg soil mixed with CoSO4 at 8 mg/kg | Enhanced N2 fixation process, increased plant N content, and reduced inorganic and organic N fertilizer application by 75 and 33.3%, respectively | Gad, 2006 |
| Pisum sativum L. (garden pea) | Pots filled with 10 kg soil with Co at 2 mg/kg | Increased grain yield by 48.4% | Singh et al., 2012 |
| Polianthes tuberosa L. (Tuberose) | Flower stems were preserved in a solution containing 300 mg/L cobalt chloride | Extended the vase life and enhanced water uptake in cut tuberose flowers | Mehrafarin et al., 2021 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex Heller (Western bracken fern) | Stems of cut green were preserved in solutions containing 0.1 to 1.0 mM Co | Inhibited IAA-induced ethylene production and prolonged vase life | Tittle, 1987 |
| Ricinus communis L. (Castor bean) | Plants treated with a 1 mM CoCl2 solution supplemented with a wetting agent | Delayed gravitropic responses of treated plants | Wheeler and Salisbury, 1981 |
| Rosa hybrida “Samantha” (Rose) | Cut flowers were preserved in solutions containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM CoCl2, respectively | Increased leaf diffusive resistance, inhibited xylem blockage, maintained water flow and uptake, and increased the vase life | Reddy, 1988 |
| Rosa hybrida “Samantha” (Rose) | Cut flowers were preserved in solutions containing 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM Co(NO3)2, respectively | Highly delayed or prevented the development of bent-neck and increased water uptake of cut flower | Murr et al., 1979 |
| Rosa spp.cv. Red one (Rose) | Cut flowers treated with 100 and 200 mg/L Co solutions | Inhibited vascular blockage in the stem of rose and maintained a high-water flow rate, leading to significantly water uptake by cut flowers | Aslmoshtaghi, 2014 |
| Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) | Seeds were sowed in polythene-lined pots containing 4 kg of soil mixed with 1 mg/kg CoSO4 | Enhanced plant growth after 45 days of application | Aery and Jagetiy, 2000 |
| Vicia faba L. (Fava bean) | Seedlings at six-leaf stage were planted in pot containing soil mixed cobalt at 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively | Improved photosynthesis and plant growth | Wang et al., 2015 |
| Vigna anguiculata subsp. alba (G. Don) Pasquet (Cowpea) | Seedlings were applied with Co at 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg | Enhanced plant growth and yield and induced nodulation | Gad and Hassan, 2013 |
| Xanthium strumarium L. (Cocklebur) | Plants treated with a 1 mM CoCl2 solution supplemented with a wetting agent | Delayed gravitropic responses of treated plants | Wheeler and Salisbury, 1981 |
| Zea mays L. (Maize) | Seeds sowed in pots containing 13 kg soil mixed with Co at 50 mg/kg | Increased seedling growth, photosynthetic pigments, and leaf chlorophyll contents | Jaleel et al., 2009 |