TABLE 1.

MSNs-based nanomaterials for HCC imaging.

Imaging model	Nanomaterials	Size (nm)	DLS (nm)	Polydis-persity index	Zeta potential (mV)	Surface area (m2/g)	Pore size (nm)	Pore volume (cm3/g)	Targeting moiety	Type of cells	Animal models	Concentration of NPs	References
US Imaging	mSiO2-MNP	9.4 ± 1.2	—	—	—	136.7	—	0.46	EpCAM aptamer	HepG2 cells	—	0.05 mg/well	Pilapong et al. (2017)
	GPC-3 SiNPs	250	450	—	−16 ± 1.7	—	—	—	GPC-3 targeting peptide	HepG2 cells	—	0.1 mg/ml	Di Paola et al. (2017)
	MSNC at Au-PFH-PEG	250	250	—	—	230	4.5	0.4	—	HCC cells	Rabbit VX2 xenograft; HCC tumor-bearing nude mice	6 mg/ml	Wang et al. (2013)
PA Imaging	HA–SiNP conjugates	1.99	—	—	—	—	—	—	Hyaluronate	HepG2 cells	Normal balb/c mouse	20 mg/ml	Lee et al. (2018)
	Ti3C2at mMSNs	—	116.4	—	−30	772	3.1	0.96	RGD	HCC cells	Tumor-bearing nude mice xenografts	5 mg/kg	Li et al. (2018b)
	LBLMSN-ICG	∼71	141.8 ± 51.3	0.64 ± 0.04	−17.98 ± 1.24	—	—	—	—	HepG2 cells	Male mouse cadavers	0.2 mg/ml	Chaudhary et al. (2019)
Fluo-rescence Imaging	ICG/MSNs-RGD	∼100	∼100	—	—	—	—	—	RGD	Hep-G2-GFP-fLuc	(Hep-G2-GFP-fLuc) xenograſts	0.2 mg/ml	Zeng et al. (2016)
	(ICG + S) at mSiO2	∼100	∼100	—	∼-17	—	—	—	—	H22 cells	Female C57BL/6J mice	1 mg/ml	Yang et al. (2020)
	Fluorescent Conjugated Polyelectrolyte-Capped MSN	∼100	204	0.22	—	920	2.5	—	—	HepG2 cells	—	0.28 mg/ml	Pu et al. (2013)
	C6PF BP-PPV PDHFBT MEH-PPV	26.7; 24.3; 25.1; 22.9	65.4; 51.4; 62.3; 51.3	0.169; 0.143; 0.18; 0.168	—	—	—	—	—	HepG2 cells	—	0.06 mg/ml	Tan et al. (2011)
	PhENH2-MoS2-FA MSNs	180	220	—	-35	—	—	—	Folic acid	HepG2 cells	—	0.0065 mg/ml	Wang et al. (2019b)
MR Imaging	PEGylation of Mn-HMSNs	100	141	—	—	222	3.8	0.53	—	HepG2 cells	Female BALB/c nude mice	2.5 mg/kg	Yu et al. (2016)
	Mn-SiO2	25	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	HepG2 cells	Orthotopic xenograft model	3 mg/kg	Kim et al. (2013)
	M-DMSN at pLAMA	250	—	—	—	119	—	0.08	Glycopolymer	HepG2 cells	Male BALB/c nude mice	100 mg/kg	An et al. (2015)
	M-LPMSNs	120	—	—	—	—	7	—	Folic acid	SMMC-7721 cells	Female BALB/c mice	2 mg Fe/cm3 tumor	Chi et al. (2019)
	S-M-MSNs	250	—	—	—	453.6	2.8	0.32	—	HepG2 cells	HepG2 xenograft-bearing nude mouse	25 mg/kg	Wang et al. (2018)
	R-M-MSNs	100*300	—	—	—	655.7	—	0.43	—	—	—	—	—
	IONP at MSN-N3	170	∼170	—	−30	767.17	3.04	0.576	—	HepG2 cells; HL-7702 cells	HepG-2 tumor-bearing mice	5.7 mg/kg	Liu et al. (2020a)
CT Imaging	GSJNs	225*110	—	—	—	758.5	2.4	0.51	Folic acid	SMMC-7721 cells; HL-7702 cells	SMMC-7721 xenografts nude mice	5 mg/ml	Wang et al. (2017)
	Au at Si-5-FU	—	48.27	0.2	11.43	191.6	2.9	0.35	EpCAM	HepG2 cells	HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice	[Au] = 2 mM	Babaei et al. (2017)
	DMSSs	—	—	—	—	790.2	21.7	1.35	—	SMMC-7721 cells	SMMC-7721 xenografts nude mice	[Au] = 5.3 mg/ml	Qin et al. (2019)
Multi-modal imaging	Fe3O4 at PMO	362 ± 21	406		−31.4	539	2.9	0.694	—	HepG2 cells	Rabbit VX2 xenograft	0.02 mg/ml	Liu et al. (2021)
	UCMSs	∼50	—	—	−7	814	30	2.053	—	HepG2 cells	H22 tumor- bearing BALB/c mice	[Mn] = 0.6 mM	Ding et al. (2019)
	GdIO at mSiO2	40 ± 2	—	—	24	410.95	3.6	—	—	HepG2 cells	—	0.03 mg/ml	Das et al. (2018)