Table 2. Meta-analysis of HIV prevalence in trans feminine individuals compared to all adults (age 15+).
| Country | Year of data collection | Number of samples | Sample size | Frequency of HIV among TF in the samples | Prevalence (95% CI)* | Odds Ratio (95%CI) | HIV prevalence in adults (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 2004 | 1 | 105 | 29 | 27.6 (19.1–36.2) | 147.2 (96.0–225.9) | 0.258 (0.257–0.260) |
| Argentina | 2007 | 2 | 385 | 131 | 34 (29.3–38.8) | 176 (142.6–217.4) | 0.292 (0.290–0.294) |
| Argentina | 2009 | 1 | 441 | 152 | 34.5 (30–38.9) | 168.3 (138.3–204.8) | 0.312 (0.310–0.314) |
| Australia | 2004 | 1 | 141 | 6 | 4.3 (0.9–7.6) | 44 (19.4–99.7) | 0.101 (0.099–0.102) |
| Australia | 2012 | 1 | 77 | 8 | 10.4 (3.6–17.2) | 92.1 (44.3–191.5) | 0.126 (0.124–0.127) |
| Bangladesh | 2012 | 1 | 889 | 7 | 0.8 (0.2–1.4) | 74.7 (35.5–157.3) | 0.011 (0.010–0.011) |
| Brazil | 1995 | 1 | 434 | 174 | 40.1 (35.5–44.7) | 304.8 (251.6–369.3) | 0.219 (0.218–0.220) |
| Brazil | 2002 | 1 | 122 | 24 | 19.7 (12.6–26.7) | 78 (49.9–121.9) | 0.313 (0.312–0.314) |
| Brazil | 2005 | 1 | 84 | 12 | 14.3 (6.8–21.8) | 46.7 (25.3–86.0) | 0.356 (0.355–0.357) |
| Brazil | 2006 | 1 | 284 | 71 | 25.0 (20.0–30.0) | 89.3 (68.2–116.8) | 0.372 (0.371–0.373) |
| Brazil | 2012 | 1 | 152 | 37 | 24.3 (17.5–31.2) | 69.7 (48.1–100.9) | 0.460 (0.459–0.461) |
| Brazil | 2015 | 1 | 345 | 141 | 40.9 (35.7–46.1) | 136.4 (110.1–169.1) | 0.504 (0.503–0.505) |
| Brazil | 2016 | 1 | 2846 | 843 | 29.6 (27.9–31.3) | 81.1 (74.9–87.9) | 0.516 (0.515–0.517) |
| Burkina Faso | 2013 | 1 | 108 | 3 | 2.8 (-0.3–5.9) | 2.7 (0.9–8.5) | 1.043 (1.036–1.049) |
| Cambodia | 2012 | 1 | 891 | 37 | 4.2 (2.8–5.5) | 5.7 (4.1–7.9) | 0.756 (0.751–0.762) |
| Cambodia | 2015 | 1 | 1375 | 81 | 5.9 (4.6–7.1) | 9.2 (7.3–11.5) | 0.678 (0.673–0.683) |
| China | 2016 | 1 | 498 | 38 | 7.6 (5.3–10) | 187.7 (134.8–261.3) | 0.044 (0.044–0.044) |
| Colombia | 2011 | 1 | 58 | 8 | 13.8 (4.9–22.7) | 40.2 (19.1–84.8) | 0.397 (0.394–0.399) |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 2015 | 1 | 298 | 76 | 25.5 (20.6–30.5) | 11.7 (9.1–15.2) | 2.832 (2.823–2.841) |
| El Salvador | 2008 | 1 | 67 | 13 | 19.4 (9.9–28.9) | 37.9 (20.7–69.4) | 0.631 (0.623–0.639) |
| India | 1997 | 1 | 84 | 38 | 45.2 (34.6–55.9) | 183.8 (119.6–282.4) | 0.447 (0.447–0.448) |
| India | 2006 | 1 | 575 | 104 | 18.1 (14.9–21.2) | 66.7 (53.9–82.5) | 0.330 (0.330–0.330) |
| India | 2007 | 2 | 529 | 71 | 13.4 (10.5–16.3) | 49.8 (38.8–63.9) | 0.310 (0.310–0.311) |
| India | 2011 | 1 | 176 | 27 | 15.3 (10.0–20.7) | 65.7 (43.6–99.0) | 0.275 (0.275–0.275) |
| India | 2012 | 1 | 82 | 11 | 13.4 (6.0–20.8) | 59.9 (31.7–113.0) | 0.258 (0.258–0.258) |
| India | 2009 | 1 | 51 | 21 | 41.2 (27.7–54.7) | 255.3 (146.1–445.8) | 0.273 (0.273–0.274) |
| Indonesia | 2002 | 1 | 241 | 53 | 22 (16.8–27.2) | 288.5 (212.7–391.4) | 0.098 (0.097–0.098) |
| Indonesia | 2007 | 2 | 1225 | 334 | 27.3 (24.8–29.8) | 160.4 (141.5–181.9) | 0.233 (0.232–0.234) |
| Indonesia | 2009 | 1 | 217 | 80 | 36.9 (30.4–43.3) | 214.1 (162.5–282.1) | 0.272 (0.271–0.273) |
| Indonesia | 2012 | 1 | 100 | 16 | 16.0 (8.8–23.2) | 61.5 (36.0–105.0) | 0.309 (0.308–0.310) |
| Italy | 1998 | 1 | 473 | 149 | 31.5 (27.3–35.7) | 390.4 (321.5–474.1) | 0.118 (0.117–0.119) |
| Italy | 2007 | 1 | 173 | 21 | 12.1 (7.3–17) | 65.7 (41.7–103.8) | 0.210 (0.208–0.211) |
| Italy | 2009 | 1 | 56 | 3 | 5.4 (-0.5–11.3) | 26.8 (8.4–85.6) | 0.211 (0.210–0.212) |
| Jamaica | 2015 | 1 | 103 | 26 | 25.2 (16.9–33.6) | 22.7 (14.5–35.4) | 1.468 (1.451–1.484) |
| Lebanon | 2012 | 1 | 40 | 4 | 10.0 (0.7–19.3) | 246.1 (87.5–692.4) | 0.045 (0.043–0.047) |
| Lesotho | 2013 | 1 | 71 | 42 | 59.2 (47.7–70.6) | 4.6 (2.9–7.4) | 23.950 (23.876–24.023) |
| Malawi | 2013 | 1 | 75 | 12 | 16.0 (7.7–24.3) | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) | 9.683 (9.664–9.703) |
| Malaysia | 2014 | 1 | 193 | 24 | 12.4 (7.8–17.1) | 39.9 (26.0–61.1) | 0.355 (0.352–0.357) |
| Mali | 2014 | 1 | 165 | 37 | 22.4 (16.1–28.8) | 220.9 (153.1–318.6) | 0.131 (0.128–0.133) |
| Mexico | 2012 | 1 | 100 | 22 | 22 (13.9–30.1) | 123.9 (77.2–198.9) | 0.227 (0.226–0.228) |
| Netherlands | 2003 | 1 | 69 | 13 | 18.8 (9.6–28.1) | 218.8 (119.7–400.2) | 0.106 (0.104–0.108) |
| Nigeria | 2014 | 1 | 105 | 75 | 71.4 (62.8–80.1) | 183 (119.8–279.4) | 1.348 (1.346–1.350) |
| Pakistan | 1998 | 1 | 208 | 0 | 0 (0.0–0.0) | 395.9 (24.6–6359.6) | 0.001 (0.001–0.001) |
| Pakistan | 2004 | 1 | 409 | 5 | 1.2 (0.2–2.3) | 451.5 (186.8–1091.6) | 0.003 (0.003–0.003) |
| Pakistan | 2005 | 1 | 1162 | 10 | 0.9 (0.3–1.4) | 73.0 (39.2–136.1) | 0.012 (0.012–0.012) |
| Pakistan | 2006 | 1 | 810 | 38 | 4.7 (3.2–6.1) | 243.0 (175.4–336.6) | 0.020 (0.020–0.021) |
| Pakistan | 2007 | 1 | 269 | 6 | 2.2 (0.5–4) | 78.4 (34.9–176.1) | 0.029 (0.029–0.029) |
| Pakistan | 2008 | 1 | 1181 | 75 | 6.4 (5–7.7) | 172.4 (136.4–217.9) | 0.039 (0.039–0.040) |
| Pakistan | 2009 | 1 | 306 | 66 | 21.6 (17–26.2) | 560.5 (426.8–736.1) | 0.049 (0.049–0.049) |
| Pakistan | 2015 | 1 | 134 | 22 | 16.4 (10.1–22.7) | 214.8 (136.0–339.2) | 0.091 (0.091–0.092) |
| Paraguay | 2011 | 1 | 237 | 64 | 27 (21.4–32.7) | 89.5 (67.2–119.3) | 0.411 (0.406–0.417) |
| Peru | 2007 | 1 | 214 | 64 | 29.9 (23.8–36) | 158.9 (118.5–212.9) | 0.268 (0.266–0.270) |
| Peru | 2008 | 1 | 208 | 35 | 16.8 (11.7–21.9) | 75.3 (52.4–108.3) | 0.268 (0.266–0.270) |
| Peru | 2009 | 1 | 420 | 130 | 31 (26.5–35.4) | 166.9 (135.7–205.3) | 0.268 (0.266–0.270) |
| Peru | 2011 | 1 | 713 | 104 | 14.6 (12–17.2) | 62.5 (50.7–76.9) | 0.273 (0.270–0.275) |
| Peru | 2013 | 1 | 89 | 30 | 33.7 (23.9–43.5) | 176.6 (113.8–274.1) | 0.287 (0.285–0.289) |
| Peru | 2014 | 1 | 310 | 61 | 19.7 (15.3–24.1) | 81.1 (61.3–107.4) | 0.301 (0.299–0.303) |
| Philippines | 2015 | 1 | 299 | 11 | 3.7 (1.5–5.8) | 50.9 (27.9–92.9) | 0.075 (0.074–0.076) |
| Senegal | 2013 | 1 | 199 | 74 | 37.2 (30.5–43.9) | 118.1 (88.6–157.4) | 0.499 (0.494–0.504) |
| Spain | 2000 | 1 | 60 | 14 | 23.3 (12.6–34) | 115.6 (63.5–210.2) | 0.263 (0.261–0.264) |
| Spain | 2005 | 1 | 529 | 129 | 24.4 (20.7–28) | 109.3 (89.6–133.3) | 0.294 (0.293–0.296) |
| Spain | 2008 | 1 | 142 | 18 | 12.7 (7.2–18.1) | 43.6 (26.6–71.5) | 0.332 (0.330–0.334) |
| Spain | 2010 | 1 | 101 | 46 | 45.5 (35.8–55.3) | 235.3 (159.1–348.1) | 0.354 (0.352–0.356) |
| Spain | 2015 | 1 | 453 | 40 | 8.8 (6.2–11.4) | 28.1 (20.3–38.8) | 0.344 (0.342–0.346) |
| Swaziland | 2013 | 1 | 120 | 17 | 14.2 (7.9–20.4) | 74.5 (44.6–124.4) | 0.221 (0.218–0.225) |
| Thailand | 2005 | 1 | 474 | 64 | 13.5 (10.4–16.6) | 12.8 (9.9–16.7) | 1.202 (1.199–1.205) |
| Thailand | 2008 | 1 | 140 | 13 | 9.3 (4.5–14.1) | 9 (5.1–16) | 1.121 (1.119–1.124) |
| Thailand | 2012 | 1 | 47 | 2 | 4.3 (-1.5–10) | 4.4 (1.1–18.1) | 1.002 (1.000–1.005) |
| Thailand | 2013 | 1 | 692 | 82 | 11.8 (9.4–14.3) | 13.7 (10.8–17.2) | 0.975 (0.973–0.978) |
| Thailand | 2015 | 2 | 1221 | 108 | 8.8 (7.3–10.4) | 10.6 (8.7–12.9) | 0.908 (0.906–0.911) |
| Togo | 2013 | 1 | 51 | 9 | 17.6 (7.2–28.1) | 8.9 (4.3–18.2) | 2.359 (2.345–2.374) |
| Uruguay | 1999 | 1 | 200 | 49 | 24.5 (18.5–30.5) | 111.3 (80.6–153.8) | 0.291 (0.284–0.297) |
| US | 1997 | 1 | 392 | 137 | 34.9 (30.2–39.7) | 190.7 (154.9–234.7) | 0.281 (0.280–0.282) |
| US | 1998 | 2 | 482 | 91 | 18.9 (15.4–22.4) | 81.0 (64.5–101.7) | 0.287 (0.286–0.287) |
| US | 2000 | 1 | 538 | 161 | 29.9 (26.1–33.8) | 138.9 (115.5–167.1) | 0.306 (0.306–0.307) |
| US | 2004 | 2 | 141 | 30 | 21.3 (14.5–28) | 82.3 (55.0–123.2) | 0.327 (0.327–0.328) |
| US | 2005 | 3 | 852 | 81 | 9.5 (7.5–11.5) | 31.1 (24.8–39.2) | 0.336 (0.335–0.337) |
| US | 2007 | 1 | 223 | 25 | 11.2 (7.1–15.4) | 37.4 (24.7–56.7) | 0.337 (0.336–0.337) |
| US | 2009 | 2 | 602 | 195 | 32.4 (28.7–36.1) | 134.8 (113.7–159.9) | 0.354 (0.353–0.355) |
| US | 2010 | 3 | 16943 | 664 | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | 10.8 (10–11.7) | 0.375 (0.374–0.376) |
| US | 2011 | 2 | 657 | 75 | 11.4 (9–13.8) | 33.5 (26.3–42.6) | 0.383 (0.383–0.384) |
| US | 2012 | 1 | 292 | 13 | 4.5 (2.1–6.8) | 11.8 (6.8–20.7) | 0.392 (0.391–0.392) |
| US | 2013 | 3 | 729 | 197 | 27 (23.8–30.2) | 94.1 (79.9–110.8) | 0.392 (0.391–0.393) |
| US | 2016 | 2 | 380 | 148 | 38.9 (34–43.9) | 166.6 (135.5–204.7) | 0.382 (0.381–0.382) |
| US | 2003 | 1 | 192 | 16 | 8.3 (4.4–12.2) | 18.9 (11.3–31.5) | 0.479 (0.478–0.480) |
| Vietnam | 2004 | 1 | 75 | 5 | 6.7 (1–12.3) | 24.7 (10–61.1) | 0.289 (0.287–0.290) |
| Vietnam | 2015 | 1 | 205 | 37 | 18 (12.8–23.3) | 68.4 (47.9–97.6) | 0.321 (0.320–0.322) |
| Overall | - | - | - | - | 19.9 (14.7–25.1)* | 66.0 (51.4–84.8) | - |
Note. Heterogeneity: Q = 6327.25, df = 86, p < .0001, I2 = 98.63%.
*Overall prevalence was calculated by direct standardization based on country-year weights used in meta-analysis.