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. 2021 Nov 26;12:6928. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27293-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — We illustrate the hypothetical results of an experiment in which a cooperator and a cheat are grown a separately and b together. For two individuals to count as a cheat and cooperator respectively, three conditions must be met: (1) the cooperator must have a higher fitness than the cheat when each are alone; (2) the cheat must have a higher fitness than the cooperator when both are mixed; (3) the cooperator must have a lower fitness in a mixture than it did when it was alone.