Table 1.
Summary of photodynamic therapy synergized immunotherapy.
| Combination strategies | Photosensitizers/λ ex (nm) | Immunotherapy reagents | Tumor models | Effector cells and cytokines | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDT and immune adjuvants | 5-Aminolevulinic acid/630 | TLR7 agonist (imiquimod) | SCC invasive squamous cell carcinoma | CD4+ and CD8+ T cells IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 |
(90) |
| UCNP-Ce6/980 | Imiquimod (R837) | CT26 mouse colon adenocarcinoma | DCs, CD8+ T cells, Treg TCM and TEM IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α |
(95) | |
| Pheophorbide A/671 | TLR5 agonist (FlaB-Vax) | B16-F10 mouse melanoma | memory CD8+ T cells CD103+ DCs, IFN-γ |
(101) | |
| W-TBP/650 | TLR9 agonist (CpG) | TUBO murine breast adenocarcinoma | T cells, NK cells, DCs macrophages, IFN-α, IL-6 | (103) | |
| H2TCPP/670 | TLR9 agonist (CpG) | H22 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma | DCs, CD4+/CD8+ T cells TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p70 |
(104) | |
| Photofrin/630 | Glycated chitosan | EMT6 and 4T1 murine breast carcinoma | CD3+/CD8+ T cells | (108) | |
| PDT and immune inhibitors | Chlorin e6/630 | IDO-1 inhibitor (NLG919) | CT26 murine colorectal cancer | DCs, CD4+/CD8+ T cells Treg, Kyn/Trp |
(122) |
| HPPH/671 | IDO inhibitor Indoximod (IND) |
B16F10 mouse melanoma | DCs, CD8+/CD4+ T cells IL-6 and TNF-α |
(123) | |
| Chlorin e6/660 | VEGFR inhibitor Axitinib (AXT) |
B16F10 mouse melanoma | T cells, TAM IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ |
(127) | |
| PDT and immune checkpoint blockades | Bremachlorin/662 | Anti-CTLA-4 antibody | MC38 and CT26 colorectal cancer | CD8+ T cells CD4+ regulatory T cells |
(136) |
| Chlorin e6/660 | Anti-CTLA-4 antibody | MCF-7 and 4T1 breast carcinoma | DCs, CTLs, Treg TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 |
(137) | |
| BDP-I-N 740 or 808 |
Anti-PD-L1 antibody | MC38 murine colorectal cancer | — | (144) | |
| Sinoporphyrin sodium/635 | PD-1 protein | 4T1 mouse breast carcinoma | DCs, CTLs, Th cells, Treg TNF-α, IL-10 |
(146) | |
| Cu2O/Cu31S16
1064 |
Anti-CD47 antibody | CT26 murine colorectal cancer | M2/M1 TAM, CTLs IL-10, IL-12 |
(151) |
PDT, photodynamic therapy; DCs, dendritic cells; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte.