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. 2021 Nov 17;8:742877. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742877

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Copyright © 2021 van Dixhoorn, te Beest, Bolhuis, Parmentier, Kemp, van Mourik, Stockhofe-Zurwieden, van Reenen and Rebel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic flowchart of linkage between farm management practices (environment and management factors in green), animal-based measures (in blue), and disease outcome (in orange). Arrows indicate the different relations that were tested: blue arrows (A) relate to experimental variables (housing, coping, and sex) and explanatory variables; black arrows (B) relate to experimental variables (housing coping and sex) and disease outcome; and orange arrows (C) relate to explanatory variables and disease outcome including housing, coping, and interaction housing × explanatory interaction.