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. 2021 Jul 16;92(6):638–643. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2021.1951010

Figure.

Figure.

Directed acyclic graph (DAG). Age, sex, and occupational status were considered as sociodemographic factors in DAG, whereas alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical activity were considered as health risk behaviors. Further, obesity, self-rated health, psychological distress, comorbidities, antidepressant medication, and pain medication were considered as health in the DAG. RTW = return to work.