Table 2.
Bivariate logistic regression analysis predicting inadequate and intensive prenatal care vs. adequate prenatal care.
| Predictors | Less than adequate | Adequate | Intensive | Less than adequate vs. adequate care | Intensive vs. adequate care | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| frequency (%) | N | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Age (years) | 27.5 (4.86) | 29.2 (4.48) | 28.4 (5.1) | 291 | 0.92** (0.87–0.98) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 28.6 (6.85) | 27.9 (7.21) | 30.26 (6.54) | 291 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) |
| Poverty income ratio | 2.8 (2.13) | 3.9 (4.40) | 3.4 (2.85) | 241 | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) |
| Household size (persons) | 2.8 (2.05) | 2.2 (1.21) | 1.7 (0.86) | 284 | 1.29** (1.08–1.55) | 0.70 (0.45–1.11) |
| Employed hours/week | 36.0 (16.14) | 34.8 (11.21) | 39.8 (11.68) | 204 | 1.00 (0.98–1.04) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Depressive symptoms | 6.1 (5.00) | 5.7 (4.45) | 7.3 (3.84) | 287 | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) |
| Pregnancy anxiety (regarding baby) | 17.6 (9.48) | 21.5 (11.04) | 22.5 (11.03) | 290 | 0.96* (0.93–0.99) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) |
| Pregnancy anxiety (regarding labor) | 17.6 (8.91) | 19.6 (9.70) | 21.3 (11.08) | 290 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) |
| Social support | 95.0 (19.27) | 100.9 (15.85) | 103.1 (13.05) | 263 | 0.98* (0.96–1.0) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| Worry symptoms | 42.9 (12.67) | 44.4 (13.19) | 47.4 (9.64) | 287 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Stressful life events | 2.6 (3.54) | 2.4 (2.65) | 2.8 (2.81) | 255 | 1.03 (0.03–1.14) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) |
| Response to unfair treatment | 2.6 (0.76) | 2.4 (0.63) | 2.4 (0.49) | 264 | 1.56* (1.01–2.42) | 0.82 (0.35–1.92) |
| Experience discrimination | 0.7 (1.27) | 0.7 (1.46) | 0.8 (1.68) | 260 | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) |
| Everyday discrimination | 48.5 (10.04) | 50.04 (7.39) | 50.4 (6.29) | 263 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) |
| Interpersonal violence general | 0.4 (0.65) | 0.5 (0.73) | 0.8 (0.75) | 260 | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | 1.60 (0.88–2.92) |
| Education | 3.1 (1.28) | 3.4 (1.24) | 3.4 (1.27) | 268 | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) |
| Frequency (%) | ||||||
| Ethnicity/race | 291 | |||||
| Hispanic | 15.2 | 69.7 | 15.2 | 0.97 (0.34–2.79) | 2.39 (7.60–7.53) | |
| Other | 37.5 | 54.2 | 8.3 | 3.10* (1.20–8.0) | 1.69 (0.34–8.48) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 29.3 | 64 | 6.7 | 2.05* (1.07–3.95) | 1.15 (0.38–3.47) | |
| White (Reference) | 16 | 76.1 | 6.9 | |||
| Medicaid status | 255 | |||||
| Yes | 21.6 | 71.2 | 7.2 | 1.18 (0.63–2.2) | 0.89 (0.34–2.27) | |
| No (Reference) | 18.8 | 72.9 | 8.3 | |||
| Enrollment clinic | 291 | |||||
| Midwifery | 14.9 | 79.3 | 5.7 | 0.46* (0.23–0.94) | 0.71 (0.34–1.47) | |
| General OB | 26.1 | 62.3 | 11.6 | 0.41 (0.14–1.18) | 0.25 (0.06–1.15) | |
| Community clinic (Reference) | 21.2 | 75.8 | 3.0 | |||
| Currently employed | 283 | |||||
| Yes (Reference) | 21.2 | 70.2 | 8.7 | |||
| No | 22.7 | 70.7 | 6.7 | 1.06 (0.56–2.02) | 0.77 (0.27–2.16) | |
| Marital status | 283 | |||||
| Married/cohabitating | 21.5 | 72.4 | 6.1 | 0.92 (0.52–1.62) | 0.53 (0.22–1.26) | |
| Single (Reference) | 21.7 | 67.5 | 10.8 | |||
| Nulliparous | 291 | |||||
| Yes | 18.8 | 69.8 | 11.5 | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | 1.90 (0.79–4.5) | |
| No (Reference) | 23.1 | 70.8 | 6.2 | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy (any) | 283 | |||||
| Yes | 23.6 | 71.9 | 4.5 | 1.11 (0.6–2.03) | 0.44 (0.15–1.36) | |
| No (Reference) | 20.6 | 69.6 | 9.8 | |||
| Receive WIC services | 256 | |||||
| Yes | 21.8 | 66.7 | 11.5 | 1.3 (0.68–2.48) | 2.19 (0.86–5.55) | |
| No (Reference) | 18.9 | 75.1 | 5.9 | |||
| Receive public assistance | 256 | |||||
| Yes | 19.0 | 73.0 | 7.9 | 0.93 (0.45–1.93) | 1.01 (0.35–2.92) | |
| No (Reference) | 20.2 | 72.0 | 7.8 | |||
| History of sexual assault | 259 | |||||
| Yes | 16.7 | 66.7 | 16.7 | 0.86 (0.30–2.40) | 3.5* (1.11–10.96) | |
| No (Reference) | 21.4 | 73.4 | 5.2 | |||
| History of abuse | 258 | |||||
| Yes | 15.0 | 76.3 | 8.8 | 0.59 (0.29–1.2) | 1.45 (0.52–3.99) | |
| No (Reference) | 23.6 | 70.8 | 5.6 | |||
| Physical domestic violence | 260 | |||||
| Yes | 23.1 | 69.2 | 7.7 | 1.18 (0.31–4.5) | 1.25 (0.15–10.5) | |
| No (Reference) | 20.6 | 72.9 | 6.5 | |||
| Prenatal medical complicationsa | 291 | |||||
| Yes | 17.6 | 67.6 | 14.7 | 0.56 (0.19–1.70) | 2.31 (0.78–6.84) | |
| No (Reference) | 21.1 | 73.6 | 5.3 | |||
a
Diagnosed with gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, or pre-eclampsia.
**
p < 0.01,
*
p < 0.05.
The bold indicates that this value is statistically significant.