Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study (year) | Species (sex, n = experimental/control group, age) | Weight | Model (method) | Anesthetic | Experimental group | Control group | Outcome index | Intergroup differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chai et al. (2018) [21] | Female SD rats (20/20, 6 months old) | NG | By intramuscular injection of DXM (2.5 mg/kg, biw) for 12 weeks | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of ISO (25 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD; P-BMD; total-BMD) (2) Tb.N, BV/TV (3) Serum ALP, TRACP, Ca, P (4) PPAR-γ, Axin2, β-catenin protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 |
| van Luijk et al. (2013) [22] | Female SD rats (9/9, 7 weeks old) | 180-220 g | By oral gavage of tretinoin (70 mg/kg/d, qd) for 2 weeks | NG | By oral gavage of ISO (100 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD) (2) Serum Ca (3) Serum P (4) OCN (5) Runx2, MMP 13 mRNA, and protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P > 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 (5) P < 0.05 |
| Moher et al. (2009) [23] | Female SD rats (10/10, NG) | 200-280 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of PSO (88 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD) (2) Serum Ca, PINP, OCN (3) Serum BMP2, VEGF (4) PI3K, AKT, mTOR mRNA, and protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 |
| Macleod et al. (2004) [24] | Female and male Wistar rats (12/12, NG) | 160-200 g | By intramuscular injection of DXM (2.5 mg/kg, biw) for 12 weeks | NG | By oral gavage of PSO (126 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 9 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 9 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD) (2) Elasticity modulus, maximum load, yield load (3) Content of bone mineral salt (4) RANKL, OPG protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 |
| Guyatt et al. (2011) [25] | Female SD rats (10/10, 3 months old) | NG | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | NG | By oral gavage of PSO (1.26 g/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD) (2) BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp (3) Elasticity modulus, maximum load (4) Serum PINP, CTX, ALP (5) Serum AST, ALT (6) Runx2, OPG, RANKL, collagen-I protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P > 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 (5) P > 0.05 (6) P < 0.05 |
| Balshem et al. (2011) [26] | Female SD rats (20/20, 8 months old) | 200-220 g | By oral gavage of prednisone (0.005 mg/kg/d, qd) for 14 weeks | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of ISO (25 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 14 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 14 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD; P-BMD; total-BMD) (2) Serum BAP, OCN, OPG, RANKL, TRACP5b (3) CAT, SOD, MDA (4) Elasticity modulus, bending energy, maximum load, stiffness coefficient (5) FoxO3a, Axin2, β-catenin protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 (5) P < 0.05 |
| Wang et al. (2021) [27] | Female ICR mice (12/11, 6 weeks old) | 20-22 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of bakuchiol (20 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | (1) BV/TV, Tb.Th (2) Tb.N, Tb.Sp, DA (3) Maximum load (4) Serum OCN (5) Serum ALP, TRACP |
(1) P > 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 (5) P > 0.05 |
| Heinrich et al. (2020) [14] | Female and male Wistar rats (12/12, NG) | 190-210 g | By oral gavage of tretinoin (70 mg/kg/d, qd) for 2 weeks | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of PSO (0.9 g/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | (1) Of BV, Conn.D (2) Tb.N, Tb.Sp (3) Tb.Th (4) Serum ACP (5) Serum ALP, ALP/ACP |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P > 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 (5) P > 0.05 |
| Shang et al. (2021) [28] | Female SD rats (10/10, 3 months old) | 210-230 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of ISO (25 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD; total-BMD) (2) Elasticity modulus, bending energy, maximum load (3) Serum OCN, TRACP 5b (4) OPG, RANKL protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 |
| Chen and Tang (2021) [29] | Male C57BL/6 mice (10/10, 9 weeks old) | 17.7 ± 1.1 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | NG | By oral gavage of PSO (20 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 6 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 6 weeks | (1) Serum ALP, CTX (2) Elasticity modulus, maximum load |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 |
| Zhou et al. (2020) [30] | Male C57BL/6 mice (6/6, NG) | NG | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | NG | By oral gavage of ISO (20 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 8 weeks | (1) BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp (2) Runx2, PPAR-γ protein expression |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 |
| Liu et al. (2020) [31] | Female SD rats (12/12, 4 months old) | 250 ± 25 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of PSO (1 g/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD) (2) BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp (3) Elasticity modulus, maximum load (4) Serum ALP, IL-1, IL-6 |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 (4) P < 0.05 |
| Wang et al. (2019) [32] | Female SD rats (18/17, 3 months old) | 180 ± 20 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of bavachin (50 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD) (2) Urinary Ca (3) GABA, GABABRI |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 |
| Zhang et al. (2019) [33] | Female SD rats (12/12, 4 months old) | 230 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of psoralidin (16 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 13 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric vegetable oil after modeling and lasted 13 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD; L-BMD) (2) Serum estradiol, calcitonin (3) Elasticity modulus |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 |
| Liu et al. (2017) [34] | Female Wistar rats (8/7, 4 months old) | 290.9 ± 1.5 g | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | Ketamine | By oral gavage of PSO (60 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 12 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD) (2) Serum estradiol (3) Serum OCN, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, TNF-α |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P > 0.05 (3) P < 0.05 |
| Huang and Zhou (2017) [35] | Female SD rats (10/10, 5 weeks old) | NG | Bilateral oophorectomy was performed on rats | NG | By subcutaneous injection of bakuchiol (30 mg/kg/d, qd) after modeling and lasted 6 weeks | By oral subcutaneous injection of isometric NS after modeling and lasted 6 weeks | (1) BMD (F-BMD) (2) Serum ALP, P, Ca, estradiol |
(1) P < 0.05 (2) P < 0.05 |
NG: not given; SD: Sprague-Dawley; DXM: dexamethasone; ISO: isopsoralen; PSO: psoralen; NS: normal saline; BMD: bone mineral density; F-BMD: femoral bone mineral density; L-BMD: lumbar bone mineral density; P-BMD: pelvis bone mineral density: BV/TV: bone volume over total volume; Tb.N: trabecular linear density; Tb.Th: trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp: trabecular separation; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ACP: acid phosphatase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TRACP: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; Ca: calcium; P: phosphorus; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ; OCN: osteocalcin; Runx2: runt-related transcription factor 2; MMP 13: matrix metalloproteinase 13; PINP: N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen; BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; OPG: osteoprotegerin; CTX: C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; FoxO3a: forkhead box O3a; Conn.D: connectivity density; IL-1: interleukin-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GABABRI: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor; qd: once a day; biw: twice a week.