Table 1.

Circadian behavioral rhythms in Lepidoptera^*.

Circadian behavior	Superfamily	Family	Species	References
Egg-hatching	Gelechioidea	Gelechiidae	Pectinophora gossypiella	Minis and Pittendrigh, 1968
	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Diatraea grandiosella	Takeda, 1983
	Bombycoidea	Saturniidae	Antheraea pernyi	Sauman et al., 1996; Sauman and Reppert, 1998
		Bombycidae	Bombyx mori	Sakamoto and Shimizu, 1994
Larval feeding	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Trichoplusia ni	Goodspeed et al., 2012
			Spodoptera littoralis	Suszczynska et al., 2017
			Spodoptera litura	Zhang et al., 2021
Larval locomotor activity	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Spodoptera litura	Zhang et al., 2021
Larval defecation	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Spodoptera litura	Zhang et al., 2021
Larval gut purging	Bombycoidea	Saturniidae	Samia cynthia ricini	Mizoguchi and Ishizaki, 1982
Adult eclosion	Pyraloidea	Crambidae	Diatraea grandiosella	Takeda, 1983
	Bombycoidea	Saturniidae	Antheraea pernyi	Truman and Riddiford, 1970
			Hyalophora cecropia
		Bombycidae	Bombyx mori	Truman, 1972; Shimizu and Matsui, 1983
	Noctuoidea	Erebidae	Hyphantria cunea	Morris and Takeda, 1994
	Papillionoidea	Nymphalidae	Danaus plexippus	Froy et al., 2003
Adult locomotor activity or flight	Pyraloidea	Pyralidae	Ephestia kuehniella	Kobelková et al., 2015
	Bombycoidea	Saturniidae	Antheraea pernyi	Truman, 1974
			Hyalophora cecropia
			Samia cynthia ricini
		Sphingidae	Manduca sexta	Broadhead et al., 2017
			Hyles lineata
Female calling behavior	Pyraloidea	Pyralidae	Ephestia kuehniella	Závodská et al., 2012
	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Grapholita molesta	Baker and Cardé, 1979
			Cydia pomonella	Castrovillo and Cardé, 1979
	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Pseudaletia unipuncta	Turgeon and McNeil, 1982; Delisle and McNeil, 1987
			Helicoverpa assulta	Kamimura and Tatsuki, 1993
			Spodoptera littoralis	Silvegren et al., 2005; Sadek et al., 2012
			Agrotis segetum	Rosén et al., 2003
Male attraction behavior	Tortricoidea	Tortricidae	Cydia pomonella	Castrovillo and Cardé, 1979
	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Agrotis segetum	Rosén et al., 2003
			Trichoplusia ni	Linn et al., 1996
			Autographa californica (weak?)	Shorey and Gaston, 1965
			Heliothis virescens
			Spodoptera exigua
			Spodoptera littoralis	Silvegren et al., 2005
Mating	Noctuoidea	Noctuidae	Spodoptera littoralis	Silvegren et al., 2005
Sun-compass orientation during migration	Papillionoidea	Nymphalidae	Danaus plexippus	Perez et al., 1997; Mouritsen and Frost, 2002; Froy et al., 2003; Merlin et al., 2009
		Pieridae	Aphrissa statira	Oliveira et al., 1998
			Phoebis argante

^*Data referring to behavioral rhythms evaluated in constant conditions.