TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics and scores of clinical assessments.
| HC (n = 46) | PD-NC (n = 47) | PD-MCI (n = 45) | P | |
| Age | 61.936.51 | 62.1710.27 | 63.119.39 | 0.80 |
| Sex (M/F) | 24/22 | 26/21 | 24/21 | 0.95 |
| Education (years) | 10.783.48 | 10.533.49 | 10.043.50 | 0.87 |
| Disease duration (years) | N/A | 3.552.48 | 3.762.33 | 0.57 |
| UPDRS-III | N/A | 28.6411.19 | 31.3610.41 | 0.25 |
| H-Y stage | N/A | 1.660.72 | 1.890.82 | 0.20 |
| LEED | N/A | 430.68146.75 | 454.04151.62 | 0.46 |
| MoCA | 28.201.19 | 27.641.49 | 21.162.28a,b | <0.001 |
| HVLT-R (total) | 21.873.99 | 20.774.26 | 18.623.58a,b | <0.001 |
| HVLT-R (delayed) | 7.802.21 | 7.152.48 | 6.512.42a | <0.001 |
| HVLT-R (recognition) | 8.672.16 | 8.262.26 | 7.732.03 | 0.12 |
| SDMT | 46.0411.61 | 42.4311.86 | 37.6713.08a | 0.006 |
| TMT-A | 62.2015.61 | 68.0619.34 | 76.1117.57a,b | 0.001 |
| TMT-B | 123.4331.43 | 137.9633.79 | 155.0243.30a,b | <0.001 |
| BNT | 24.723.23 | 23.173.61 | 18.985.17a,b | <0.001 |
| JoLO | 22.634.93 | 21.025.43 | 17.025.14a,b | <0.001 |
Data were represented as mean ± SD; N/A indicates not applicable. aIndicates significant difference to the HC group. bIndicates significant difference to the PD-NC group.
HC, healthy control; PD, Parkinson’s disease; NC, normal cognition; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; M, male; F, female; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H-Y, Hoehn–Yahr; LEED, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; BNT, Boston Naming Test; JoLO, Benton’s Judgment of Line Orientation.