Table 2.
Role of socioeconomic factors in sex differences in mobility, IADL, and ADL limitations by birth cohort
|
At age 65 years |
At age 75 years |
At age 85 years |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally adjusted* | Additionally adjusted for education | Additionally adjusted for labour force status | Minimally adjusted* | Additionally adjusted for education | Additionally adjusted for labour force status | Minimally adjusted* | Additionally adjusted for education | Additionally adjusted for labour force status | |
| ≥1 mobility limitation | |||||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | .. | 16·1 (14·4 to 17·7) | 14·6 (13·0 to 16·3) | 14·3 (12·7 to 15·9) | 11·5 (10·2 to 12·8) | 11·1 (9·8 to 12·5) | 11·9 (10·4 to 13·3) |
| 1930–38 | 13·8 (12·5 to 15·2) | 12·1 (10·8 to 13·4) | 11·3 (10·1 to 12·5) | 15·1 (13·9 to 16·3) | 14·0 (12·7 to 15·2) | 13·6 (12·4 to 14·9) | 10·8 (9·4 to 12·2) | 10·4 (9·0 to 11·9) | 11·0 (9·5 to 12·6) |
| 1939–45 | 14·5 (13·3 to 15·7) | 13·1 (12·0 to 14·3) | 12·2 (11·1 to 13·3) | 15·8 (14·2 to 17·4) | 14·8 (13·2 to 16·4) | 13·9 (12·4 to 15·5) | .. | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | 11·2 (9·9 to 12·5) | 10·5 (9·2 to 11·7) | 9·3 (8·1 to 10·5) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·0006 | 0·010 | 0·0014 | 0·63 | 0·68 | 0·81 | 0·47 | 0·48 | 0·43 |
| ≥1 IADL limitation | |||||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | .. | 3·7 (2·6 to 4·7) | 2·6 (1·6 to 3·5) | 1·7 (1·1 to 2·2) | 5·8 (4·5 to 7·2) | 4·8 (3·5 to 6·1) | 4·3 (3·2 to 5·5) |
| 1930–38 | 2·1 (1·5 to 2·6) | 1·4 (0·9 to 1·8) | 0·8 (0·5 to 1·1) | 3·6 (2·7 to 4·4) | 2·6 (1·8 to 3·4) | 1·7 (1·2 to 2·3) | 5·5 (3·9 to 7·1) | 4·5 (3·0 to 6·0) | 3·8 (2·4 to 5·1) |
| 1939–45 | 2·4 (1·8 to 3·1) | 1·8 (1·2 to 2·4) | 1·0 (0·7 to 1·4) | 3·7 (2·6 to 4·8) | 2·9 (1·9 to 4·0) | 1·8 (1·1 to 2·5) | .. | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | 2·0 (1·2 to 2·7) | 1·5 (0·8 to 2·2) | 0·8 (0·4 to 1·3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·57 | 0·53 | 0·58 | 0·97 | 0·87 | 0·95 | 0·71 | 0·77 | 0·48 |
| ≥1 ADL limitation | |||||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | .. | 3·2 (2·3 to 4·1) | 2·1 (1·3 to 2·9) | 1·4 (0·9 to 1·8) | 3·7 (2·5 to 4·9) | 2·9 (1·8 to 4·0) | 2·4 (1·5 to 3·2) |
| 1930–38 | 1·5 (0·9 to 2·1) | 0·9 (0·4 to 1·4) | 0·6 (0·3 to 0·9) | 2·2 (1·3 to 3·0) | 1·3 (0·6 to 2·0) | 0·8 (0·4 to 1·3) | 2·1 (0·9 to 3·3) | 1·4 (0·2 to 2·6) | 1·1 (0·2 to 2·0) |
| 1939–45 | 0·9 (0·3 to 1·5) | 0·4 (−0·2 to 0·9) | 0·2 (−0·1 to 0·6) | 1·1 (0·1 to 2·1) | 0·4 (−0·5 to 1·3) | 0·2 (−0·4 to 0·7) | .. | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | −0·3 (−0·9 to 0·4) | −0·6 (−1·2 to 0·1) | −0·5 (−0·9 to −0·1) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·0008 | 0·0032 | 0·0002 | 0·014 | 0·030 | 0·010 | 0·045 | 0·050 | 0·032 |
Data are the percentage sex difference (95% CI) in probability of functional limitations. A positive value indicates women are more likely than men to be limited. ADL=activities of daily living. IADL=instrumental activities of daily living.
*
Estimates were extracted at age 65 years, 75 years, and 85 years, with age analysed as a continuous variable; analyses were further adjusted for sex, birth cohort, the interaction of sex and birth cohort, marital status, study, and region.