Table 3.
Role of chronic conditions in sex differences in ADL, IADL, and mobility limitations
|
At age 65 years |
At age 75 years |
At age 85 years |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for socioeconomic factors* | Additionally adjusted for chronic conditions† | Adjusted for socioeconomic factors* | Additionally adjusted for chronic conditions† | Adjusted for socioeconomic factors* | Additionally adjusted for chronic conditions† | |
| ≥1 mobility limitation | ||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | 14·3 (12·7 to 15·9) | 13·5 (12·1 to 14·9) | 11·9 (10·4 to 13·3) | 13·2 (11·7 to 14·6) |
| 1930–38 | 11·3 (10·1 to 12·5) | 9·8 (8·7 to 10·9) | 13·6 (12·4 to 14·9) | 11·0 (10·0 to 12·0) | 11·0 (9·5 to 12·6) | 11·4 (9·7 to 13·0) |
| 1939–45 | 12·2 (11·1 to 13·3) | 8·9 (8·0 to 9·8) | 13·9 (12·4 to 15·5) | 9·7 (8·4 to 10·9) | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | 9·3 (8·1 to 10·5) | 6·1 (5·2 to 7·0) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·0014 | <0·0001 | 0·81 | 0·0002 | 0·43 | 0·11 |
| ≥1 IADL limitation | ||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | 1·7 (1·1 to 2·2) | 1·2 (0·8 to 1·6) | 4·3 (3·2 to 5·5) | 3·6 (2·7 to 4·5) |
| 1930–38 | 0·8 (0·5 to 1·1) | 0·5 (0·3 to 0·6) | 1·7 (1·2 to 2·3) | 0·8 (0·5 to 1·0) | 3·8 (2·4 to 5·1) | 2·4 (1·4 to 3·3) |
| 1939–45 | 1·0 (0·7 to 1·4) | 0·3 (0·1 to 0·5) | 1·8 (1·1 to 2·5) | 0·5 (0·2 to 0·7) | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | 0·8 (0·4 to 1·3) | 0·2 (0·1 to 0·4) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·58 | 0·28 | 0·95 | 0·0067 | 0·48 | 0·023 |
| ≥1 ADL limitation | ||||||
| 1895–1929 | .. | .. | 1·4 (0·9 to 1·8) | 0·8 (0·5 to 1·1) | 2·4 (1·5 to 3·2) | 1·4 (0·8 to 1·9) |
| 1930–38 | 0·6 (0·3 to 0·9) | 0·2 (0·0 to 0·4) | 0·8 (0·4 to 1·3) | 0·2 (0·0 to 0·4) | 1·1 (0·2 to 2·0) | 0·2 (−0·2 to 0·7) |
| 1939–45 | 0·2 (−0·1 to 0·6) | −0·2 (−0·3 to 0·0) | 0·2 (−0·4 to 0·7) | −0·2 (−0·4 to 0·0) | .. | .. |
| 1946–60 | −0·5 (−0·9 to −0·1) | −0·4 (−0·5 to −0·2) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| p value for sex difference by birth cohort | 0·0002 | 0·0001 | 0·010 | <0·0001 | 0·032 | 0·0005 |
Data are the percentage sex difference (95% CI) in probability of functional limitations. A positive value indicates women are more likely than men to be limited. ADL=activities of daily living. IADL=instrumental activities of daily living.
Estimates extracted at age 65 years, 75 years, and 85 years, with age analysed as a continuous variable; analyses were further adjusted for sex, birth cohort, the interaction of sex and birth cohort, marital status, study, region, education, and labour force status.
Additionally adjusted for high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, psychiatric illness, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease (heart attack or stroke).