Figure 1.

Mouse humanization models. Schematic representation of the four humanization methods described, and graphs of their immune reconstitution in peripheral blood (PB) over time showing human CD45⁺ immune cells out of all blood leukocytes and human CD19/20⁺ B cells, human CD3⁺ T cells, and human CD14⁺ monocytes/macrophages out of human CD45⁺ cells. Immune reconstitution data showed on the graphs are gathered from different studies (10–14). (A) Generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) humanized mouse: Human PBMCs isolated from peripheral blood are engrafted into a low dose whole body irradiated or non-irradiated immunocompromised mouse by intraperitoneal (IP), intravenous (IV) or intrasplenic (IS) administration. (B) Generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) humanized mouse: Human HSCs isolated from either adult peripheral blood, bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, or from fetal liver are engrafted into a low dose irradiated immunocompromised mouse by IP or IV administration. (C) Generation of bone, liver, thymus (BLT) humanized mouse: Human fetal bone, thymus and liver tissue are co-transplanted under the kidney capsule of an immunocompromised mouse which is then irradiated and injected IV with human HSCs isolated from fetal liver. (D) Generation of spleen mononuclear cell (SPMC) humanized mouse: Human SPMC isolated from an adult spleen are engrafted into a low dose irradiated immunocompromised mouse by IP administration.