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. 2021 Jul 13;86(4):938–972. doi: 10.1007/s11336-021-09783-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Simulation study with 120 persons answering 70 items. a Accuracy and mean RT for simulated items. b Marginal RT distribution over items and persons. c Estimated and true values for the item ( $β_{i}$ ) and person ( $θ_{p}$ ) effects on the rate or information accumulation, and for the item effects on the reciprocal volatility ( ${\tilde{α}}_{i}$ ). d Example MCMC chains for item and person effects after a burn-in period of 2,000 samples.