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. 2021 Dec 1;11:23202. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02495-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(Left) Multivariate CPH models of lacunarity, age at diagnosis, and abnormality radius for necrosis (n = 390), enhancement with necrosis (n = 402), and edema regions (n = 257). Lacunarity of both edema and enhancement with necrosis were significant predictors of overall survival in their respective models (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.042, respectively). Age at diagnosis, as expected, was consistently significant for survival. Radius was a significant predictor for regions of necrosis and enhancement with necrosis (p = 0.036). (Right) Corresponding Cox proportional hazard model of fractal dimension, age at diagnosis, and abnormality radii for necrosis, enhancement with necrosis, and edematous regions. Fractal dimension values of both edema and enhancement with necrosis were significant predictors of overall survival in their respective CPH models (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0003, respectively). Age at diagnosis was consistently significant across all CPH models, while only enhancement with necrosis, and necrosis radii were significant (p = 0.0018 and p = 0.028, respectively). For a complete table including confidence intervals and significance values, see Supplement 4.