Table 5.

Univariate associations between sociodemographic characteristics and Cd levels greater than median (0.24 μg/L) n Samburu, Kenya adolescents

	N	% > median Cd	RR	95% CI
Age (yrs)
< 13	73	47	Ref
≥ 13	87	51	1.11	(0.81,1.53)
Sex
males	77	39	Ref
females	83	59	1.52	(1.09, 2.11)
BMI (kg/m 2 )
<16	116	46	Ref
≥16	44	59	1.29	(0.94,1.77)
Anemia 1
No	106	49	Ref
Yes	54	50	1.02	(0.73,1.42)
Education (yrs)
< 7	95	52	Ref
≥ 7	62	47	0.91	(0.65,1.26)
Income (Kenya Shillings/month)
< 3000	95	55	Ref
≥ 3000	65	42	0.76	(0.54,1.04)
Polygyny
no	67	46	Ref
yes	93	52	1.12	(0.81,1.54)
Residence
highlands	97	42	Ref
lowlands	63	60	1.43	(1.05,1.94)
Number of siblings
<4	82	49	Ref
≥4	74	51	1.05	(0.77,1.44)
Spending category (Kenya Shillings/month)
< 6000	88	39	Ref
≥ 6000	72	63	1.62	(1.18,2.22)
Currently in school
no	43	72	Ref
yes	117	41	0.57	(0.43,0.76)
Tea consumption (cups)
<2	136	54	Ref
≥2	23	22	0.40	(0.18,0.88)
Number of wives
<2	138	51	Ref
≥2	15	40	0.79	(0.42,1.50)
Tropical Livestock Units
<9	81	54	Ref
≥9s	79	47	0.86	(0.63,1.17)

¹Anemia was defined according to the World Health Organization cutoffs of hemoglobin < 12 g/dL for males and females less than 12–14 years of age, < 12 g/dL for females 15 years and older, and < 13 g/dL for males 15 years and older (WHO, 2011).

Abbreviations: Cd cadmium, RR relative risk, yrs years, CI confidence interval,

Missing: age n=0, education n=3, income n=0, polygamous n=0, residence n=0, number of siblings n=4, spending n=0, school n=0, sex n= 0, tea n=1, number of wives n=7, tropical livestock units n=0, birth order n=4