Table 1.
Follow-up survey sample descriptive statistics (n = 434)
| Variables | Mean | SD | % | n | Min | Max | Skew | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 43.77 | 15.53 | 19 | 78 | 0.16 | −1.17 | ||
| Male | 43.55 | 189 | 0 | 1 | 0.26 | −1.94 | ||
| non-Hispanic White | 72.58 | 315 | 0 | 1 | −1.01 | −0.98 | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 56.91 | 247 | 0 | 1 | −0.28 | −1.93 | ||
| Low income | 43.09 | 187 | 0 | 1 | 0.28 | −1.93 | ||
| Any adverse effect | 32.26 | 140 | 0 | 1 | 0.76 | −1.43 | ||
| Mantra meditation | 29.26 | 127 | 0 | 1 | 0.91 | −1.18 | ||
| Mindfulness meditation | 70.97 | 308 | 0 | 1 | −0.92 | −1.15 | ||
| Spiritual meditation | 53.23 | 231 | 0 | 1 | −0.13 | −1.99 | ||
| 1+ MRAES-MBP | 50.00 | 217 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | −2.00 | ||
| MRAES-MBP total | 1.90 | 2.73 | 0 | 10 | 1.47 | 1.09 | ||
| Any impairment | 10.60 | 46 | 0 | 1 | 2.55 | 4.52 | ||
| Impairment >1 day | 5.99 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 3.70 | 11.69 | ||
| Impairment ≥1 month | 1.15 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 9.12 | 81.42 | ||
| Years since first exposure | 14.28 | 13.77 | 0 | 59 | 1.18 | 0.49 | ||
| App first exposure | 3.92 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 4.73 | 20.46 | ||
| App ever exposure | 45.85 | 199 | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | −1.98 | ||
| Any meditation in the past 30 days | 65.21 | 283 | 0 | 1 | −0.64 | −1.60 | ||
| Weekly days of meditation in the past 30 days | 2.21 | 2.38 | 0 | 7 | 0.84 | −0.61 | ||
| Lifetime meditation hours category | ||||||||
| 0–10 | 18.89 | 82 | 0 | 1 | 1.58 | 0.51 | ||
| 11–100 | 41.24 | 179 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | −1.88 | ||
| 101–500 | 16.36 | 71 | 0 | 1 | 1.81 | 1.29 | ||
| 501–1000 | 8.99 | 39 | 0 | 1 | 2.86 | 6.18 | ||
| 1001–5000 | 7.14 | 31 | 0 | 1 | 3.32 | 9.02 | ||
| 5001+ | 7.37 | 32 | 0 | 1 | 3.25 | 8.59 | ||
| Lifetime meditation hours continuous | 2.21 | 0.74 | 1 | 3 | −0.35 | −1.11 | ||
| Concentration practice | 84.33 | 366 | 0 | 1 | −1.88 | 1.55 | ||
| Insight practice | 25.81 | 112 | 0 | 1 | 1.10 | −0.79 | ||
| Residential retreat | 6.91 | 30 | 0 | 1 | 3.39 | 9.48 | ||
| PROMIS Depression in the past week | 8.53 | 4.26 | 4 | 20 | 0.7 | −0.5 | ||
| PROMIS Anxiety in the past week | 9.24 | 4.01 | 4 | 20 | 0.48 | −0.61 | ||
| NIH Toolbox Loneliness in the past week | 2.39 | 1.09 | 1 | 5 | 0.42 | −0.79 | ||
| Adverse Childhood Experiences | 14.04 | 2.43 | 11 | 22 | 0.71 | −0.02 | ||
| Socially Desirable Response Set | 0.21 | 0.68 | 0 | 5 | 4.61 | 25.14 | ||
| Glad to have practiced meditation | 4.99 | 1.12 | 1 | 6 | −0.94 | 0.25 | ||
| Glad to have practiced meditation dichotomous | 88.71 | 385 | 0 | 1 | −2.44 | 3.95 |
Note: MRAES-MBP = Meditation-Related Adverse Effects Scale – Mindfulness-Based Program; 1+ MRAES-MBP = whether any MRAES-MBP item was endorsed (i.e., response other than “Never”); App first exposure = first exposure to meditation through a smartphone app; App ever exposure = ever having been exposed to meditation through a smartphone app; Weekly days of meditation = average days of meditation per week in the past 30 days; Lifetime meditation hours continuous = 0 to 10 (1), 11–100 (2), 101+ (3); PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; NIH = National Institutes of Health; Glad to have practiced meditation dichotomous = dichotomized with responses 1 to 3 coded as 0 and 4 to 6 coded as 1