Table 2.
Effect sizes by study and leave-one-out analysis
| Study first author and year, setting | Minority groupings: crude group (specific group, cases/total) | Study quality | Pooled OR (95% CI) | Pooled OR (95% CI) if study removed | P if study removed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All studies (n = 10) | – | – | 1.20 (1.09−1.32), P < 0.001 | – | – |
| Bécares (2009)30, UK | Black (Black Caribbean: n.r./1215) | 14 | 1.04 (0.84−1.27) | 1.22 (1.10−1.35) | <0.001 |
| Asian (Indian: n.r./1278; Pakistani: n.r./1190; Bangladeshi: n.r./594) | |||||
| Das-Munshi (2012)11, UK | Black (Black Caribbean: 83/694) | 15 | 1.63 (0.87−3.05) | 1.20 (1.08−1.33) | 0.001 |
| Asian (Indian 58/643; Pakistani 72/724; Bangladeshi 33/650) | |||||
| White Other (Irish: 59/733) | |||||
| Dykxhoorn (2020)48, Sweden | Black (sub-Saharan African: 550/261 899 person-years) | 14 | 1.25 (0.51−3.06) | 1.20 (1.08−1.34) | 0.001 |
| Asian (Asian: 297/365 971) | |||||
| Other ethnic group (Middle Eastern & North African: 693/796 928; North American: 50/55 558; South American: 79/102 857) | |||||
| White Other (Nordic: 103/131 882; non-Nordic European: 693/880 211) | |||||
| Menezes (2011)53, Canada | Combined migrant group (combined migrant group: 31/7784) | 11 | 1.12 (1.05−1.19) | 1.20 (1.09−1.33) | <0.001 |
| Richardson (2018)28, UK | Combined ethnic minority group (combined ethnic minority group: 160/398 511 person-years) | 12 | 1.16 (1.00−1.36) | 1.20 (1.09−1.34) | <0.001 |
| Schofield (2011)29, UK | Black (Black or Black British: 109/23 693) | 11 | 1.94 (1.34−2.82) | 1.15 (1.08−1.23) | <0.001 |
| Schofield (2016)18, UK | Black (Black African: n.r./234; Black Caribbean: n.r./143; overall: 98/377) | 11 | 1.45 (0.81−2.57) | 1.21 (1.09−1.34) | <0.001 |
| Other social characteristic (deprived or disadvantaged: 101/421; single marital status: 51/212) | |||||
| Schofield (2017)50, Denmark | Black (African: 362/13 118) | 12 | 1.28 (0.94−1.75) | 1.19 (1.07−1.33) | 0.002 |
| Asian (Asian: 415/24 512) | |||||
| Other ethnic group (Middle Eastern: 529/28 762) | |||||
| White Other (non-Scandinavian European: 1175/58 939) | |||||
| Termorshuizen (2018)40, The Netherlands | Black (Antillean: 949/41 430) | 11 | 1.49 (0.96−2.34) | 1.19 (1.06−1.33) | 0.005 |
| Other ethnic group (Turkish: 3775/105 460; Moroccan: 5207/115 455; Surinamese: 4252/147 123) | |||||
| Zammit (2010)47, Sweden | Combined migrant group (combined migrant group, n.r.) | 13 | 1.07 (0.92−1.24) | 1.25 (1.15−1.36) | <0.001 |
| Other social characteristic (deprived or disadvantaged: n.r.; socially fragmented: n.r.; low grades: n.r.) |
n.r., not recorded.