Table 2.
Results of independent samples t-tests between moral distress scores in study sample and reference samples.
| Samples | Nurses | t | p | Cohen’s d | Physicians | t | p | Cohen’s d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | |||||||
| Study sample (VOICE, 2020) | 4.52 (2.66) | 1,149 | 3.42 (2.61) | 966 | ||||||
| Wocial and Weaver, 2013 | 2.9 (2.5) | 529 | 11.81 | < 0.001 | 0.62 | |||||
| Rodrigues et al., 2018 | 2.64 (2.00) | 41 | 4.48 | < 0.001 | 0.71 | |||||
| Wolf et al., 2019 | 4.2 (2.6) | 167 | 1.47 | 0.143 | 0.12 | |||||
| Mehlis et al., 2018 | 2.3 (2.3) | 50 | 5.81 | < 0.001 | 0.84 | 1.5 (1.4) | 39 | 4.56 | < 0.001 | 0.74 |
| Graeb, 2019 | 4.46 (2.57) | 262 | 0.34 | 0.731 | 0.02 | |||||
M, mean, S, standard deviation, and p, significance p value. Results are displayed for comparison of each sample with the study sample VOICE (2020). Wocial and Weaver (2013): nurses in US inpatient settings. Rodrigues et al. (2018): nurses in US general pediatric inpatient settings. Wolf et al. (2019): nurses in US critical care units. Mehlis et al. (2018): nurses and physicians in German advanced cancer inpatient units. Graeb (2019): nurses in German intensive care units.