Fig. 2.

Optimization of 3D printing parameters. (A) Schematic illustration of the details of PCA bioprinting. (B) Rheological properties of pre-cultured bioinks (n = 3). (C) Optimized printing parameters for pre-cultured bioink. (D) A lattice-shaped construct with different layers and Various 3D printed constructs. (E) Live/Dead staining and the proliferation rate of cells in the 3D structure (Live cells: green, Dead cells: red, scale bar = 200 μm). (F) Alligned cell aggregates and cell distribution in 3D printed constructs with culture. (G) The structure of pre-cultured 3D bioprinted constructs (Scale bar = 100 μm) and the aligned cells (Phalloidin: green, DAPI: blue, scale bar = 25 μm) and the expression of myofibroblasts markers (α-SMA, TGFβ1: green, DAPI: blue, scale bar = 25 μm). G0: without pre-culture; D3: pre-culture for 3 days. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)