Table 1.
Participant Characteristics.
| Lifetime AH | NAH | Statistic | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size (N = 145) | 90 | 55 | ||
| DSM-IV-TR Primary Diagnosis | χ2 = 30.242 | p = 3.8 × 10-8 | ||
| Schizophrenia (SZ), No. (%) | 68 (76%) | 16 (29%) | – | – |
| Bipolar Disorder (BD), No. (%) | 22 (24%) | 39 (71%) | – | – |
| Age, median (range), y | 29 (18–57) | 26 (18–62) | z = -0.373 | p = 0.709 |
| Female, No. (%) | 31 (38%) | 16 (29%) | χ2 = 0.447 | p = 0.504 |
| Not Right-Handed, No. (%) | 11 (12%) | 5 (11%) | χ2 = 0.341 | p = 0.559 |
| Hallucinations in Other Modalities (SCID) | 48 (53%) | 11 (20%) | χ2 = 15.717 | p = 7.4 × 10-5 |
| Visual Hallucinations, No. (%) | 37 (41%) | 5 (9%) | χ2 = 17.011 | p = 3.7 × 10-5 |
| Tactile Hallucinations, No. (%) | 29 (32%) | 7 (13%) | χ2 = 6.952 | p = 0.008 |
| Olfactory & Gustatory Hallucinations1, No. (%) | 10 (11%) | 2 (4%) | p = 0.133 | |
| PANSS P3 Hallucination Item2, median (range) | 3.5 (1–7) | 1 (1–6) | z = 20.421 | p = 0.0001 |
| PANSS Total Score3, median (range) | 58 (32–102) | 54 (29–84) | z = -1.537 | p = 0.124 |
| Positive3, median (range) | 14 (6–29) | 14 (6–32) | z = -0.541 | p = 0.589 |
| Negative, median (range) | 12 (7–40) | 9 (7–28) | z = -3.521 | p = 4.3 × 10-4 |
| General Psychopathology, median (range) | 29.5 (16–56) | 28 (16–46) | z = -1.140 | p = 0.254 |
| YMRS3, median (range) | 6 (0–30) | 14 (0–37) | z = -3.149 | p = 0.002 |
| MADRS, median (range) | 15.5 (0–44) | 12 (0–40) | z = -1.859 | p = 0.063 |
| Chlorpromazine Equivalent, median (range) | 300 (0–1959) | 200 (0–1175) | z = -1.774 | p = 0.076 |
| Total Medication Load, median (range) | 3 (0–10) | 4 (0–11) | z = -0.668 | p = 0.504 |
| Current Substance Abuse or Dependence | ||||
| Alcohol, No. (%) | 5 (6%) | 2 (4%) | χ2 = 0.274 | p = 0.601 |
| Cannabis, No. (%) | 13 (14%) | 9 (16%) | χ2 = 0.098 | p = 0.755 |
| Stimulant and/or Cocaine1, No. (%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | p = 1.000 | |
| RsfMRI ART Outlier Time Points | 3.5 (0–19) | 2 (0–15) | z = -0.178 | p = 0.859 |
Abbreviations: AH = Lifetime auditory hallucinations group; NAH = No lifetime auditory hallucinations group; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV-TR; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; ART = ARtifact Detection Tool in Conn functional connectivity toolbox.
Variables with p-values in bold are included as covariates, along with ARtifact detection Tool (ART) outlier time points, in AH vs. NAH functional connectivity analyses.
Fisher’s exact test due to cell sizes < 5.
PANSS P3 Hallucination Item assessed current symptom severity, i.e., severity of hallucinations in the past month; therefore, patients with lifetime but no current AH could have a P3 score of 1 (absent) or 2 (minimal). P3 asks about hallucinations in any modality, and is not specific to AH; therefore, patients in the NAH group could have P3 scores > 2.
Symptom scale total calculated by excluding hallucination-related item.