Table 2.
Characteristics of intervention protocols.
| Author, Country | Setting | Intervention contents | Intervention intensity | Intervention duration/frequency | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endurance exercise | |||||
| Alcazar et al. (21), Spain | Outpatient | First 3 weeks: HIIT (5 sets of 90 s at light intensity plus 30 s at heavy intensity) + power training (2–3 sets of 8–12 reps) Week 4–12: HIIT (10stes) + 3sets of 8reps with the optimal load |
First 3 weeks: HIIT (heavy-80%Wpeak, light-40% Wpeak) + power training (50–60% 1RM) Week 4–12: HIIT (augmented) + power training (optimal load) | 2 sessions/week, 12 weeks | Usual care |
| Barakat et al. (22), France | Outpatient | 30 min cycling + 30 min aerobic activity (5 min warm-up, 10 min aerobic activity, 15 min cool-down) | Cycle: 80%VO2 max | 3 sessions/week, 14 weeks | Routine outpatient attendance |
| Borghi-Silva et al. (23), USA | Outpatient | 30 min stretching + treadmill ambulation | 70% of the maximal speed | 3 sessions/week, 6 weeks | Usual care |
| Borghi-Silva et al. (24), USA | Outpatient | 5 min warm-up + 30 min treadmill | 70% of the peak speed/Borg 4 | 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | Respiratory therapy, 1session/week |
| de Sauto Araujo et al. (25), Brazil | Outpatient | 15 min callisthenic activities + 30 min unsupported upper limb exercise using weights + 30 min bicycle + 15 min cool-down | Upper: 50% of the maximum load; Lower: Borg 5 | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| Gallo-Silva et al. (26), Brazil | Laboratory | 60 min water aerobic interval exercise (10 min warm-up, 20–40min aerobic exercise, 10 min cool-down) | Borg 4–6 | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | Usual care |
| Mehri et al. (27), Iran | Outpatient | Treadmill exercise training with gradually increased speed | Exhaustion | 2 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| Petersen et al. (28), Denmark | Outpatient | Walking with 85% maximal speed + progressive ergometer cycling | Exhaustion | 2 sessions/week, 7 weeks | Usual daily activities |
| Pradella et al. (29), Brazil | Home | 40 min walking + 15 min stair exercise + arm exercise with 1 kg load (3 sets of 30 movements) | Walking: 60–70% HRmax | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| Wiyono et al. (30), Indonesia | Outpatient | 5 min cycling, and gradually increased for 5 min/week | / | 3 sessions/week, 6 weeks | Routine outpatient attendance |
| Resistance exercise | |||||
| Casaburi et al. (31), USA | / | First 4 weeks: 3 sets of 12 reps; Week 5–10: 4 sets of 8–10 reps (seated leg press, seated leg curl, seated leg extension, standing calf raise, seated ankle dorsiflexion) |
First 4 weeks: 60% 1RM Week 5–10: 80% 1RM | 3 sessions/week, 10 weeks | No exercise |
| Clark et al. (32), Scotland | Outpatient | 3 sets of 10 reps weight exercises (bench press/triceps, body squat/quadriceps, squat calf/medial and lateral gastrocnemiius soleus, latissimus/latissimus dorsi/arm curls/biceps, leg press/quadriceps hamstrings gluteals, knee flexion/quadriceps, hamstrings) |
70% maximal load | 2 sessions/week, 12 weeks | Usual daily activities |
| Chen et al. (33), China | Home | 20–30min, 8–12 reps Thera-band exercise (straight-leg lifting, prone hip extension, thigh abduction, posterior muscle group exercises, anterior muscle group exercises, and standing calf raise) |
Borg 5 | 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | No exercise |
| Hoff et al. (34), USA | Laboratory | 4 sets of 5 reps concentric contraction of quadriceps | 85–90% 1RM | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | Normal daily living |
| Janaudis-Ferreira et al. (35), Canada | / | 10–12RM using free weights and a multistation gym (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major and minor, latissimus dorsi, deltoids, rhomoboids) |
10–12RM | 3 sessions/week, 6 weeks | Upper limb flexibility and stretching exercises |
| Nyberg et al. (36), Sweden | Outpatient | 40 min, 2 sets of 25 reps Thera-band exercise (Latissimus row/chest press/leg extension/shoulder flexion/leg curl/elbow flexion/heel-raise/step up) |
Borg 4 | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| O'shea et al. (37), Australia | 1 hospital + 2 home | 3 sets of 8–12 reps Thera-band exercise (hip abduction in standing, simulated lifting, SST, seated row, lunges, chest press) |
12RM and gradually increased | 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | No exercise |
| Thabitha et al. (38), India | / | 15–30min, 1–3 sets of 10 reps using multi exerciser (chest pull-lattismus dorsi, butterfly-pectoralis major muscle, neck press-triceps brachii and deltoid, leg flexion-biceps femoris and gastronemious, leg extension) | 10RM and increased by 10% | 2 sessions/day, 3 days/week, 24 weeks | No exercise |
| Simpson et al. (39), Canada | Outpatient | 3 sets of 10 reps single limb weight lifting exercise (arm curl/leg extension/leg press) | 50–85% 1RM | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| Zambom-Ferraresi et al. (40), Spain | / | 90 min, 3–4 sets of 6–12 reps (chest press, seated row, shoulder press, leg press, knee extension and flexion) | 50–70% 1RM | 2 sessions/week, 12 weeks | Habitual physical activity |
| Combined exercise | |||||
| Cameron-Tucker et al. (41), Australia | Outpatient | 1 h combine exercises, individualized for each participant | RPE 3–5 | 1 sessions/week, 6 weeks | No exercise |
| Emery et al. (42), USA | Outpatient | First 5 weeks: 45 min combine exercises on Nautilus equipment; Week 6–10: 60–90 min |
/ | First 5 weeks: every-day; Week 6–10: 3 sessions/week |
No exercise |
| Lahham et al. (43), Australia | Home | Aerobic: 80% of walking speed from 6MWD + 30 min whole-body exercise; Resistance: using equipment available at home (stairs and sealed water bottles) |
/ | 5 sessions/week, 8 weeks | No exercise |
| Mendes et al. (44), Brazil | Outpatient | Aerobic: 30 min treadmill walking; Resistance: 10 reps (hand weight, elbow flexion, elbow abduction, shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, hip flexion, knee extension) |
Aerobic: 60–80% HRmax Resistance: 50% 1RM with an increase of 0.5 kg every 2 weeks | 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | No exercise |
| Nakamura et al. (45), Japan | / | Aerobic: 20 min walking; Resistance: 30 min, 3 sets of 10 reps using self-weight or elastic bands (push-ups, leg squats, sit-ups, back extension) |
Aerobic: Borg 3–5 | 12 weeks | No exercise |
| Tsai et al. (46), Australia | Home | Aerobic: 15–20 min cycling + 15–20 min walking Resistance: 3 sets of 10 reps SST and squats exercise |
Cycle: 60–80% Wpeak Walk: 80% of best 6MWD or Aerobic: Borg 3–4 | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | Usual care |
| van Wetering et al. (47), Netherlands | Community | Aerobic: 30 min cycling/walking Resistance: 4 specific exercises for upper and lower limbs |
/ | 2 sessions/week, 16 weeks | Usual care |
| Wadell et al. (48), Canada | Outpatient | 2.5 h combine exercise | Moderate intensity | 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks | Usual care |
| Wadell et al. (49), Sweden | Outpatient | 45 min, (4 min aerobic, 3 min leg resistance, 4 min aerobic, 3 min arm resistance, 4 min aerobic, 3 min torso resistance) | 80–100%HR peak or Borg 5 or RPE 15 | 3 sessions/week, 12 weeks | No exercise |
| Weiner et al. (50), Israel | / | Aerobic: 30 min cycling; Resistance: 15 min rowing with low resistance +15 min resistance exercises for limbs and abdominal muscles |
Aerobic: 50% Wmax | 3 sessions/week, 6 weeks | Sham training |
| Zambom-Ferraresi et al. (40), Spain | / | Aerobic: 20–35 min cycle Resistance: 90 min, 3–4 sets of 6–12 reps (chest press, seated row, shoulder press, leg press, knee extension and flexion) |
Aerobic: 40–85% Wmax Resistance: 50–70% 1RM | 2 sessions/week for each exercise types, 12 weeks | Habitual physical activity |
6MWD, 6-min walking distance; HIIT, high intensity interval training; HGF, Handgrip force; HR, Heart rate; reps, repetitions; RM, Repetition maximum; SST, sit to stand; Wmax, Maximal work rate; VO2, Oxygen uptake.
/Not accessible.