Fig. 1.

Timeline of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds. Crude decellularization technique emerged in 1948 [11], but the production of tissue-specific ECM was first reported in the 1970s [12]. Intact acellular small intestinal submucosa matrices were produced for Achilles tendon repair in 1995 [13]. Whole rat decellularized hearts were first introduced in 2008 [14], and decellularized lungs and acellular livers were fabricated in 2010, respectively [[15], [16], [17]]. Orthotopic transplantation of the decellularized kidney was operated in 2013 [18]. dECM hydrogels were involved in 3D-bioprinting from 2014 [22], followed by a 3D-printed construct using stem cell-laden dECM bioinks in 2017 [23]. Recently, various proteomics methods have been developed to analyze dECM materials in 2021 [24].