Fig. 5.

dECM for bone tissue engineering. (Ⅰ) Characterization of decellularized cow and human bone scaffolds. (a) SEM, (b) Thermogravimetric analysis, (c) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and (d) Ca/P ratio of decellularized cow and human bone scaffolds. (Ⅱ) Histological analysis of tissue formation on decellularized cow and human bone scaffolds after cultured in perfusion bioreactors with mesenchymal progenitor cells for 5 weeks. (Ⅰ) and (Ⅱ) reproduced from Ref. [244]. (Ⅲ) (a–b) Bridging of critically sized femoral defects represented by 3D μCT reconstructions of the rat femur at 0 and 9 weeks after post-implantation with acellular scaffolds, hypertrophic chondrocyte and osteoblast grafts. (c–d) Internal and external regions are shown at 12 weeks. (Ⅳ) Defect regeneration and bone formation are shown at 12 weeks after post-implantation. (a) Hard bone histology using the Levai-Laczko stain. (b) Magnified views allowed detection of calcified cartilage. (c) At the location of new bone formation, a cartilage anlage characteristic of endochondral ossification was present (green staining in Movat's pentachrome sections). Reproduced from Ref. [230].