dECM for nerve tissue engineering. (Ⅰ) Biologic scaffolds derived from porcine central nervous system (CNS) tissues. (a) Native optic nerve tissue (left) and optic nerve ECM (right). (b) Native spinal cord tissue (left) and spinal cord ECM (right). (c) Native brain tissue (left) and brain ECM (right). (Ⅱ) Characterization of residual deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in CNS ECM scaffolds. (a) native optic nerve tissue (b) optic nerve ECM. (c) native spinal cord tissue, (d) spinal cord ECM, (e) native brain tissue, (f) brain ECM. (Ⅲ) Protein content of CNS ECM scaffolds. (a) native optic nerve tissue, (b) optic nerve ECM, (c) native spinal cord tissue, (d) spinal cord ECM, (e) native brain tissue, and (f) brain ECM. (g) native optic nerve, (h) optic nerve ECM, (j) native spinal cord, (k) spinal cord ECM, (l) native brain, and (m) brain ECM. Reproduced from Ref. [263]. (Ⅳ) H&E-stained sections of porcine brain matrix (a) decellularized brain matrix (b). (Ⅴ) Brain matrix material was loaded into a syringe (a) and injected subcutaneously, whereupon the injected material self-assembled into a gel (b). Reproduced from Ref. [267].