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. 2021 Nov 18;12:759679. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759679

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Copyright © 2021 Roversi, Callai-Silva, Roversi, Griffith, Boutopoulos, Prediger and Talbot

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Peripheral inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Indicators that the immune system is responding to tissue damage stems from increased blood-circulating T_reg, activated CD4⁺ T cells, IL-17-producing T_H17 cells and IL-6-producing monocytes in PD patients’ blood. In addition, circulating α-syn-reactive CD4 T cells are expanded in PD patients’ blood and blood purified CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells from PD patients recognize and respond to α-syn which increase the production of IL-5 or IFN-γ. IFN-γ, interferon γ; IL-5, interleukin 5; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-17, interleukin 17; T_H17, T helper 17 cells; TCR, T cell receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; T_reg, regulatory T cells; α-syn, α-synuclein .