Table 3.
Association between trafficking characteristics and physical and/or sexual violence.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRE-DEPARTURE | ||||||
| Sex (Ref. male) | ||||||
| Female | 2.17*** | [1.76,2.68] | 2.73*** | [2.17,3.43] | 2.48*** | [2.01,3.06] |
| Age (Reference Category 25–34) | ||||||
| <18 | 1.08 | [0.51,2.33] | 0.59 | [0.25,1.38] | 1.28 | [0.57,2.90] |
| 18–24 | 1.21* | [1.03,1.43] | 1.09 | [0.88,1.33] | 1.10 | [0.88,1.37] |
| 35–49 | 0.90* | [0.81,0.99] | 0.94 | [0.86,1.04] | 1.02 | [0.93,1.12] |
| 50+ | 1.06 | [0.96,1.18] | 1.07 | [0.93,1.24] | 1.19 | [0.95,1.48] |
| Marital status (Ref. Not married) | 1.25 | [0.93,1.68] | 1.34 | [1.00,1.81] | 1.24 | [0.93,1.64] |
| Self-reported SES (Ref. poor) | ||||||
| Well-off | 2.05* | [1.09,3.86] | 1.03 | [0.60,1.77] | 1.15 | [0.68,1.94] |
| Standard | 0.86 | [0.46,1.63] | 0.90 | [0.41,1.95] | 1.07 | [0.50,2.28] |
| Very poor | 1.26 | [0.87,1.82] | 0.92 | [0.60,1.40] | 1.01 | [0.61,1.70] |
| TRANSIT | ||||||
| International border crossed (Ref. None) | 0.49 | [0.24,1.00] | 0.36** | [0.19,0.68] | ||
| Forged documents used (Ref. No) | 0.59*** | [0.45,0.77] | 0.64* | [0.44,0.93] | ||
| EXPLOITATION | ||||||
| Type of exploitation (Ref. Labour) | ||||||
| Sexual | 2.08** | [1.22,3.54] | ||||
| Both | 2.66* | [1.00,7.03] | ||||
| Threats to individual and family (Ref. No) | 2.89*** | [2.10,3.98] | ||||
| Denied movement, food/water and medical attention (Ref. No) | 1.25 | [0.95,1.64] | ||||
| Being forced to take drugs and alcohol (Ref. No) | 2.37* | [1.08,5.21] | ||||
| Withholding of wages and excessive working hours (Ref. No) | 1.42 | [0.95,2.13] | ||||
| N | 6505 | 4541 | 4541 |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.