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All-optical cardiac electrophysiology and the toolkit of optogenetic actuators and reporters. (A) Advantages of all-optical cardiac electrophysiology using optogenetic tools. (B) Spectral compatibility of optogenetic actuators and reporters for voltage (GEVI) and calcium (GECI) with the possibility for bi-directional control (depolarization and hyperpolarization) of cardiac excitation. Reproduced with permission from Entcheva and Kay (2021).
