Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Empirical-based observational quantitative studies such as cross-sectional, case–control, prospective and retrospective cohort, predesign–postdesigns and modelling studies. Studies covering any geographical locations. Studies in the English language only. Studies covering people of all age groups. Studies that include SDOH listed in PROGRESS-Plus & Healthy People 2020. Studies that include any COVID-19-positive population. Studies that include populations tested positive for COVID-19, with underlying comorbidities. Studies that include a population that required hospitalisation or resulted in mortality due to COVID-19.

Studies in non-English language. Qualitative studies, simulation modelling studies (without new empirical data), review studies, systematic review, review of the systematic review, meta-analysis, narrative reviews, conference abstracts, proceedings, thesis. Pharmacological and biochemical studies, animal model studies, Opinion literature, including commentaries, editorials, brief reports, perspectives and analyses. Studies that include COVID-19 disease outcomes among special populations (such as patients with HIV, prisoners, patients with cancer, etc). Articles with missing descriptions of findings and/or results.

SDOH, social determinant of health.