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. 2021 Nov 18;13:748929. doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.748929

FIGURE 9.

FIGURE 9

Proposed synaptic mechanism of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Repeated morphine causes hyperalgesia (pain) by increasing excitatory input and decreasing inhibitory input to excitatory neurons but disinhibition of inhibitory neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), leading to differential effects on cell excitability.