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. 2021 Nov 18;12:730525. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730525

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Wu, Si, Wang, Yue, Shang, Li, Chen and Guan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DLT activates the autophagy pathway in HVAFs through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. (A) Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 to show the activation of autophagy in the DLT treatment group. (B) Transmission electron microscopy analysis to show the autophagosome in the DLT treatment group (red arrow). (C) Western blot showed DLT treatment reversed the ox-LDL-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. (D) The autophagy marker expression was detected by western blotting and increased in the DLT treatment model. (E) The HVAFs activation markers ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were checked in the DLT-treated and ox-LDL model.