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. 2021 Nov 18;12:730525. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730525

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Wu, Si, Wang, Yue, Shang, Li, Chen and Guan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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mTOR pathway agonist decreases autophagy by DLT in the AS model. (A, B) Immunofluorescence staining of LC3 and transmission electron microscopy analysis to show the activation of autophagy in the DLT treatment group and inhibition by the mTOR agonist. (C) Western blot showed the activation of the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway by the mTOR agonist. (D) The autophagy marker expression was detected by western blotting and reduced in the DLT-mTOR agonist double treatment group. (E) The HVAFs activation markers ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were checked in the DLT-mTOR agonist double treatment group.