FIGURE 4.

(Redox) dysregulation of circadian clock by noise. The clock core components consist of the positive regulators circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein (BMAL) that directly control circadian gene expression as well as the negative regulators period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) (Van Laake et al., 2018). Numerous components are redox regulated (reviewed in Li et al., 2020) and modified by aircraft noise exposure of mice (Kroller-Schon et al., 2018). ROS, reactive oxygen species; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PARP1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1; FoxO3, forkhead box O; RORA, RAR-Related Orphan Receptor; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1, HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; RONS, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Scheme summarized from (Li et al., 2020) with permission under the the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. Image was created using Biorender.com.