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. 2021 Nov 27;12(6):104–113. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Several modulator molecules linked to the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling in an extracellular growth-factor response are demonstrated. Example molecules known to act on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1)-receptor/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are also shown. Note that some critical events such as immune activation and/or cytokine-induction have been omitted for clarity. Arrowhead means stimulation whereas hammerhead represents inhibition. PI3K: Phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PKA: Protein kinase A; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; DPP4: Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; S6K: S6 kinase; AC: Adenylate cyclase; Gs: Stimulatory G-protein; elF-4E: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; TSP1: Thrombospondin-1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; IKK: I kappa B kinase; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; HDM2: Human double minute 2; HIF-1a: Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha.