Table 1.
Overview of the studies assessing aspects of health-related quality of life in autoimmune hepatitis
|
Ref.
|
Country
|
Population (n)
|
Biochemical remission (%)
|
Cirrhosis (%)
|
Questionnaire
|
Factors/results
|
| van der Plas et al[13], 2007 | The Netherlands | AIH (142), other liver diseases (776) | - | - | SF-36, MFI-20, LDSI | HRQoL impairment; Association with: Fatigue |
| Afendy et al[8], 2009 | United States, Italy | AIH (13), other chronic liver diseases (1090) | - | 84.61 | SF-36 | HRQoL impairment; Negative correlation: Age (every scale), female gender (primary predictor of mental health), cirrhosis (every scale, primary predictor of physical health) |
| Schramm et al[12], 2014 | Germany | AIH (103) | 77 | 27 | SF-12, PHQ-9, GAD-7 | HRQoL impairment (total mental score/mental well-being); Association with: depression and anxiety (positive correlation with female gender, corticosteroid use, and concerns about progression of the liver disease) |
| Takahashi et al[11], 2018 | Japan | AIH (265), chronic hepatitis C (88) | - | 10.6 | CLDQ, SF-36 | HRQoL impairment; Negative correlation: Age, cirrhosis, comorbid diseases, corticosteroid use (worry domain), disease duration, AST; Positive correlation: platelet count |
| Wong et al[14], 2018 | United Kingdom | AIH (990) | 56 | 33 | EQ-5D-5L, FIS, CFQ, HADS | HRQoL impairment; Positive correlation: Biochemical remission; Negative correlation: overlap syndromes, corticosteroid use, and calcineurin inhibitor use |
| Janik et al[15], 2019 | Poland | AIH (140) | - | 55 | SF-36, MFIS, PHQ-9, STAI | HRQoL impairment (every scale, except role emotional2); Negative correlation: Female gender, depression, trend toward better HRQoL (physical health) with budesonide vs prednisone; Association with: Anxiety, depression, and fatigue |
| Dirks et al[9], 2019 | Germany | AIH (27), AIH/PBC (8), other liver diseases (97) | - | 0 | SF-36, FIS, HADS | HRQoL impairment; Association with: Anxiety, depression, and fatigue |
| Castellanos-Fernández et al[7], 2021 | Cuba | AIH (22), overlap syndrome of AIH and PBC (7), PBC (14), other liver diseases (500) | - | 43.93 | FACIT-F, WPAI:SHP, CLDQ | HRQoL impairment; Positive correlation: Male gender, exercising > 90 min/wk; Negative correlation: Fatigue, abdominal pain, anxiety, depression, and extrahepatic comorbidity (diabetes mellitus type 2, sleep apnea) |
| Cortesi et al[10], 2020 | Italy | AIH (51), other chronic liver diseases (2911) | - | 0 | EQ-5D-3L | HRQoL impairment in AIH |
Eight patients with Child-Pugh class A and three patients with Child-Pugh class C.
Scale measures the impact of emotional problems on work and daily activities.
Cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases (n = 43). AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CFQ: Cognitive failure questionnaire; CLDQ: Chronic liver disease questionnaire; ECR: Experiences in close relationship scale; EQ-5D-5L/3L: European quality of life 5-dimension 5-level/3-level; FACIT-F: Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-fatigue; FIS: Fatigue impact scale; GAD-7: Generalized anxiety disorder screener; HADS: Hospital anxiety depression scale; LDSI: Liver disease symptom index 2.0; MFI-20: Multidimensional fatigue index-20; PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire; SF-12: Short-form 12; SF-36: Short-form 36; STAI: State-trait anxiety inventory; WPAI:SHP: Work productivity and activity-specific health problem.