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. 2021 Nov 11;12:749291. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749291

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Copyright © 2021 Al-kuraishy, Al-Gareeb, Mostafa-Hedeab, Kasozi, Zirintunda, Aslam, Allahyani, Welburn and Batiha

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Catecholamine and acute lung injury: catecholamine during SARS-CoV-2-induced sympathetic storm, activates β1, which activates NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome of immune cells macrophages and neutrophils induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Activation of immune cells triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of β2 leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. Together these changes cause acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS). Inhibitory effects of β-blockers.