Figure 6.
Catecholamine and acute lung injury: catecholamine during SARS-CoV-2-induced sympathetic storm, activates β1, which activates NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome of immune cells macrophages and neutrophils induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Activation of immune cells triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of β2 leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. Together these changes cause acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS). Inhibitory effects of β-blockers.