TABLE 1.
Effects of N. sativa and its ingredients on obesity, diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
| Plant/ingredient | Effective dose | Type of study | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. sativa extract | 250 mg/kg | Rat | Reduced fasting serum level of glucose and insulin, improved lipoproteins profile, and mitigation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase | Vedanarayanan and Krishnan, (2011) |
| N. sativa and thymoquinone | 200 and 300 mg/kg | Mice | Enhanced UCP-1, reduced cholesterol, LDL and TG, and increased HDL | (Mahmoudi et al., 2018) |
| 100 mg/kg | ||||
| Thymoquinone | 20 mg/kg | Mice | Decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin concentration, cholesterol and inflammatory mediators and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity | Karandrea et al. (2017) |
| Capsules of N. sativa | 1,000 mg | Clinical trial | Reduced the expression of PPAR-γ, adiponectin, and TNF-α in obese women | Razmpoosh et al. (2019) |
| capsules of N. sativa | 1,500 mg | Clinical trial | Decreased body weight, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol as well as enhanced adiponectin | Datau et al. (2010) |
| N. sativa oil | 400 mg/kg | Rat | Inhibited apoptosis and enhanced antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 | Altun et al. (2019) |
| N. sativa oil | 2 mg/kg | Rat | Improved oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities including catalase and glutathione peroxidase | Abdelrazek et al. (2018) |
| N. sativa | 100 and 200 mg/kg | Rat | Regulated blood glucose and lipid profile | Kaur et al. (2018) |
| N. sativa oil | 100 mg/kg | Rat | Improved diabetes via mitigating the insulin/insulin receptor ratio and tumor necrosis factor-α | Balbaa et al. (2016) |
| N. sativa | 300 mg/kg | Rat | Decremented the blood level of insulin, glucose, lipids and attenuated lipid peroxidation and elevated antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase in the kidney and liver | Kaleem et al. (2006) |
| N. sativa | 0.2 ml/kg | Rat | Protected the islet of Langerhans against damages caused by streptozotocin | Hmza et al. (2013) |
| TQ | 50 and 100 mg/kg | Rat | Reduced glucose, HOMA-IR, food and water intake via enhancing the endogenous level of glucagon-like peptide 1 | Lee et al. (2019) |
| N. sativa | 5.45 g | Clinical trial | Decreased body mass index, fasting blood sugar, LDL, VLDL, and triglyceride | Rao et al. (2020) |
| N. sativa | 2 g/daly | Clinical trial | Modified dyslipidemia and improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular problems | Kaatabi et al. (2012) |
| N. sativa | 2 g/daily | Clinical trial | Decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart (rate) | Badar et al. (2017) |
| N. sativa oil | 2.5 ml daily | Clinical trial | Reduced glucose, creatine, urea, and higher glomerular filtration | Ansari et al. (2017) |
| N. sativa seeds and fenugreek | 100 mg/kg | Rat | Improved the effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver, modification of hyperglycemia via elevating the level of insulin and regenerating of β cells in the islets of Langerhans of pancreas | Mohamed et al. (2015) |
| TQ | 400 mg/kg | Animal (Rat) | Improved liver damage associated with hypothyroidism by over-expression of the antioxidant CAT gene | Ayuob et al. (2019) |
| TQ | 10 and 20 mg/kg | Animal (Rat) | Improved oxidative stress via decreasing MDA and alleviated inflammatory responses through decrementing the level of TNF-α and enhancing IL-10 | Awad et al. (2016) |
| N. sativa | 1 g twice a day | Clinical trial | Decrease of BMI, body weight, and liver enzymes | Hussain et al. (2017) |
| N. sativa | 2 g/day | Clinical trial | Decreased the plasma level of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and decremented C-reactive protein and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) | Darand et al. (2019b) |
| N. sativa oil | 1 g | Clinical trial | Decreased fasting blood sugar, TG, LDL, VLDL, liver enzymes including AST and ALT, hs-C reactive protein, IL-6, and TNF-α | Rashidmayvan et al. (2019) |
| N. sativa oil | 2.5 ml | Clinical trial | Decreased grade of hepatic steatosis, plasma level of aminotransferases, LDL-C, and triglycerides and enhanced the content of HDL-C. | Khonche et al. (2019) |
| N. sativa | 105 mg/kg | Clinical trial | Reduced liver enzymes level and weight in NAFLD patients | Hormati et al. (2019) |
| N. sativa | 5 mg/kg | Clinical trial | Decreased blood level of liver enzymes including AST and ALT, BMI and degree fatty liver | Hosseini et al. (2018) |
| N. sativa | 2 g | Clinical trial | Improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance | Darand et al. (2019a) |
| N. sativa oil and TQ | 100 mg–20 g | Clinical trial | Reduced plasma level of lipids including cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG | Asgary et al. (2015) |
| 20–80 mg | ||||
| 35–25 mg |