TABLE 3.
Effects of garlic and its ingredients on obesity, diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
| Plant/ingredient | Effective dose | Type of study | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garlic (A. sativum L.) sulfoxide amino acids | 200 mg/kg | Rat | Decreased blood glucose level and ameliorate diabetes as well as rats treated with glibenclamide and insulin | Sheela et al. (1995) |
| A. sativum oil and diallyltrisulfide | 100 and 40 mg/kg | Rat | Improved glycemic control in diabetic rats through increased insulin secretion and increased insulin sensitivity | Liu et al. (2005) |
| A. sativum | 100 mg/kg | Rat | Improvement in histological appearance of pancreatic beta cells of diabetes mellitus (DM) | Osman et al. (2012) |
| A. sativum | 250 and 500 mg/kg | Rat | Normalized the blood glucose in the diabetic rats | Kanth et al. (2008) |
| A. sativum oil and diallyl disulfide | Garlic oil (100 mg/kg) and DADS (80 mg/kg) | Rat | Improved oral glucose tolerance and renal function | Liu et al. (2006) |
| A. sativum ethanoic extract | 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg, bw | Rat | Decreased the glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels and also increased the serum concentration of insulin. | Eidi et al. (2006) |
| A. sativum | 5 and 10 ml/kg | Rat | Prevented adrenal hypertrophy, hyperglycemia and elevated corticosterone level | Kasuga et al. (1999) |
| A. sativum | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Rat | Reduced serum glucose, total triglyceride, and total cholesterol | Mariee et al. (2009) |
| A. sativum | 3.6 g, daily | Clinical trial | Decreased the mean FBG and PPBG levels | Mirunalini et al. (2011) |
| Garlic powder tablets | 300 mg twice a day | Clinical trial | Decreased the serum level of TG | Sobenin et al. (2008) |
| A. sativum | 500 mg/kg | Rat | Reduced serum glucose, cholesterol, and TG levels | Thomson et al. (2007) |
| A. sativum aqueous extract | 5–20 mg/kg | Rat | Decreased blood levels | Nwokocha et al. (2011) |
| A. sativum aqueous extract | 1% solution/kg, b.wt | Rabbit | Lowered the serum glucose levels and serum cholesterol | Mahesar et al. (2010) |
| A. sativum aqueous extract | 250 mg/kg, b.wt | Rat | Improved LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG levels | Gupta et al. (2008) |
| A. sativum aqueous extract | 50 mg/kg | Female rats | Showed a maximum antihypertensive effect | Al-Qattan et al. (1999) |
| A. sativum aqueous extract | 500 mg/kg, IP | Rat | Increased the serum antioxidant level. Decreased serum glucose and systolic blood pressure | Drobiova et al. (2011) |
| Black garlic extract | 0.5 and 1.5% | Rat | Down-regulated lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Decreased levels of total lipids, TG, and cholesterol | Ha et al. (2015) |
| Allicin | 200 mg/kg | Rat | Decreased the concentration of blood glucose and ameliorated diabetic condition and also increased liver and intestinal HMG CoA reeducates activity and liver hexokinase activity | Sheela and Augusti, (1992) |
| Garlic tablet | 300 mg (containing 1.3% allicin) twice daily | Clinical trial | Reduced total cholesterol and LDL– C and increased HDL | Ashraf et al. (2004) |
| Garlic tablet | 300, 600, 900, 1,200, and 1,500 mg | Clinical trial | Reduced FBS and HbA1c | Khan, (2011); Mirunalini et al. (2011); Aslani et al. (2016) |
| Raw garlic | 3.6 g | Clinical trial | Reduced blood glucose level, cholesterol, TG, and LDL. Increased the HDL fraction. Improved SOD, CAT, and GPx | Khan, (2011); Mirunalini et al. (2011); Aslani et al. (2016) |
| Garlic daily, plus 1 tablespoon lemon juice | 20 g | Clinical trial | Decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure | Khan, (2011); Mirunalini et al. (2011); Aslani et al. (2016) |
| Aged garlic extract | 3,000 mg | Clinical trial | Declined serum TG concentrations | Ahmed et al. (2012) |