Table 1.
Demographic features, stroke severity, outcome, and the presence of SVD in the patients with and without nocturnal dipping.
| Characteristic or investigations |
Total (n = 234) |
Nocturnal dippers (n = 72, 30.8%) |
Nocturnal non-dippers (n = 162, 69.2%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean, years | 51.1 ± 9.9 | 50.531 ± 0.3 | 51.359 ± 0.8 | 0.56 |
| Men (%) | 205 (87.6) | 64 (88.9) | 141 (87.0) | 0.69 |
| Hypertension on admission | 175 (74.8) | 49 (68.1) | 126 (77.8) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes on admission | 97 (41.5) | 31 (43.1) | 66 (40.7) | 0.74 |
| Dyslipidemia on admission | 96 (41.0) | 36 (50.0) | 60 (37.0) | 0.06 |
| CAD on admission | 13 (5.6) | 4 (5.6) | 9 (5.6) | 1.00 |
| AF on admission | 6 (2.6) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (1.9) | 0.30 |
| Active smoking | 75 (32.1) | 24 (33.3) | 51 (31.5) | 0.78 |
| History of stroke | 15 (6.4) | 6 (8.3) | 9 (5.6) | 0.42 |
| Obese (≥30.0 Kg/m2) | 73 (31.2) | 20 (27.8) | 53 (32.7) | 0.45 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 5.1 | 27.7 ± 3.9 | 28.9 ± 5.6 | 0.17 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 156.0 ± 26.1 | 156.6 ± 24.9 | 157 ± 26.7 | 0.53 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 92.9 ± 18.8 | 94.1 ± 18.3 | 92.4 ± 19.0 | 0.17 |
| NIHSS on admission (Median, -IQR) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 0.66 |
| Stroke severity | ||||
| Mild stroke (NIHSS 0–4) | 194 (82.9) | 61 (84.7) | 133 (82.1) | 0.74 |
| Moderate stroke (NIHSS 5–10) | 30 (12.8) | 9 (12.5) | 21 (13.0) | |
| Severe stroke (NIHSS 11 or more) | 10 (4.3) | 2 (2.8) | 8 (4.9) | |
| Final diagnosis | ||||
| Ischemic stroke | 157 (67.1) | 48 (66.7) | 109 (67.3) | O.89 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 55 (23.5) | 18 (25) | 37 (22.8) | |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 22 (9.4) | 6 (8.3) | 16 (9.9) | |
| TOAST classification | ||||
| Small vessel disease | 93 (58.9) | 63 (62.5) | 30 (57.3) | 0.07 |
| Large vessel disease | 23 (14.6) | 2 (4.2) | 21 (19.1) | |
| Cardio-embolic | 26 (16.5) | 8 (16.7) | 18 (16.4) | |
| Stroke of determined origin | 5 (3.2) | 3 (6.3) | 2 (1.8) | |
| Stroke of undetermined origin | 11 (7.0) | 5 (10.4) | 6 (5.5) | |
| NIHSS at discharge (Median,- IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1.8 ±2.6 0 (0–3) | 1.9 ±2.9 1 (0–2) | 0.71 |
| Prognosis –at discharge –good (mRS 0–2) |
182 (77.8) | 56 (77.8) | 126 (77.8) | 1.00 |
| Prognosis – At 90-days –good (mRS 0–2) |
223 (95.3) | 68 (94.4) | 155 (95.7) | 0.68 |
| Average 24-h SBP at index event | 142.7 ± 20.9 | 139.2 ± 19.3 | 144.3 ± 21.6 | 0.09 |
| Average 24 h DBP at Index event | 90.6 ± 15.1 | 88.8 ± 14.9 | 91.4 ± 15.2 | 0.23 |
| Average daytime SBP at index event | 145.9 ± 21.4 | 146.0 ± 20.3 | 145.7 ± 22 | 0.96 |
| Average daytime DBP at index event | 145.9 ± 21.4 | 92.6 ± 16.4 | 92.6 ± 15.5 | 0.99 |
| Average nighttime SBP at index event | 92.6 ± 15.7 | 127.2 ± 18.7 | 141.4 ± 22.4 | 0.001 |
| Average nighttime DBP at index event | 137.0 ± 22.3 | 80.9 ± 14.1 | 89.4 ± 15.3 | 0.001 |
| Mean dipping % at index event | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 0.001 | |
| MRI findings at index event | ||||
| Small vessel disease present | 121 (51.7) | 29 (40.3) | 92 (56.8) | 0.02 |
| New stroke on imaging | 170 (72.6) | 54 (75.0) | 116 (71.6) | 0.59 |
| Silent infracts present | 85 (36.3) | 19 (26.4) | 66 (40.7) | 0.035 |
| White matter disease (periventricular) present | 183 (78.2) | 51 (70.8) | 132 (81.5) | 0.069 |
| White matter disease (brainstem) present | 38 (16.2) | 6 (8.3) | 32 (19.8) | 0.029 |
| Cerebral microbleed present | 50 (21.4) | 12 (16.7) | 38 (23.5) | 0.24 |
| Severity of CMB at index event | ||||
| NO CMB | 184 (78.6) | 60 (83.3) | 124 (76.5) | 0.50 |
| CMB 1–4 | 34 (14.5) | 8 (11.1) | 26 (16.0) | |
| CMB 5 or more | 16 (6.8) | 4 (5.6) | 12 (7.4) |
CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; AF, Atrial Fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NIHSS, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; IQR, Inter Quartile Range; mRS modified small vessel disease; SVD small vessel disease; CMB cerebral microbleed.