Table 3.
Demographics, clinical features, and imaging characteristics of the patients with and without nocturnal pulse dipping.
| Characteristic or investigations |
Total (n = 180) |
Nocturnal pulse dippers (n = 59, 32.8%) | Nocturnal pulse non-dippers (n = 121, 67.2%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean, years | 51.3 ± 9.9 | 51.2 ± 10.2 | 51.8 ± 9.8 | 0.89 |
| Male (%) | 157 (87.2) | 51 (86.4) | 106 (87.6) | 0.83 |
| Hypertension on admission | 137 (76.1) | 41 (69.5) | 96 (79.3) | 0.15 |
| Diabetes on admission | 75 (41.7) | 23 (39.0) | 52 (43.0) | 0.61 |
| Dyslipidemia on admission | 73 (40.6) | 25 (42.4) | 48 (39.7) | 0.73 |
| Coronary artery disease | 8 (4.4) | 0 | 8 (6.6) | 0.04 |
| Atrial fibrillation on admission | 5 (2.8) | 3 (5.1) | 2 (1.7) | 0.19 |
| Active smoking | 54 (30.0) | 16 (27.1) | 38 (31.4) | 0.56 |
| History of stroke | 9 (5.0) | 2 (3.4) | 7 (5.8) | 0.49 |
| Obese (≥30.0 Kg/m2) | 61 (33.9) | 16 (27.1) | 45 (37.2) | 0.18 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.5 | 28.4 ± 5.9 | 28.8 ± 5.3 | 0.66 |
| NIHSS on admission (median, IQR) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–3) | 0.87 |
| NIHSS at discharge (median, IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.47 |
| Stroke severity on admission | ||||
| Mild stroke (NIHSS 0–4) | 152 (84.4) | 52 (88.1) | 100 (82.6) | 0.32 |
| Moderate stroke (NIHSS 5–10) | 21 (11.7) | 4 (6.8) | 17 (14.0) | |
| Severe stroke (NIHSS 11 or more) | 7 (3.9) | 4 (5.1) | 3 (3.3) | |
| Final diagnosis | ||||
| Ischemic stroke | 120 (66.7) | 44 (74.6) | 76 (62.8) | 0.19 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 42 (23.3) | 12 (20.3) | 30 (24.8) | |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 18 (10.0) | 3 (5.1) | 15 (12.4) | |
| TOAST classification | ||||
| Small vessel disease | 73 (60.3) | 29 (65.9) | 44 (57.1) | 0.19 |
| Large vessel disease | 15 (12.4) | 4 (9.1) | 11 (14.3) | |
| Cardio-embolic | 20 (16.5) | 4 (9.1) | 16 (20.8) | |
| Stroke of determined origin | 4 (3.3) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Stroke of undetermined origin | 9 (7.4) | 4 (9.1) | 5 (6.5) | |
| Prognosis—at discharge | ||||
| Good (mRS 0–2) | 142 (78.9) | 46 (78.0) | 96 (79.3) | 0.83 |
| Poor (mRS 3–6) | 38 (21.1) | 13 (22.0) | 25 (20.7) | |
| Prognosis—at 90-days | ||||
| Good (mRS 0–2) | 171 (95.0) | 56 (94.9) | 115 (95.0) | 0.97 |
| Poor (mRS 3–6) | 9 (5.0) | 3 (5.1) | 6 (5.0) | |
| Small vessel disease present | 94 (52.2) | 24 (40.7) | 70 (57.9) | 0.03 |
| Silent infracts present | 69 (38.3) | 15 (25.4) | 54 (44.6) | 0.013 |
| White matter disease present | 140 (77.8) | 38 (64.4) | 102 (84.3) | 0.003 |
| Cerebral microbleed present | 43 (23.9) | 13 (22.0) | 30 (24.8) | 0.68 |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TOAST, Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification; bpm, Beats Per Minute.