Figure 4.

Schematics of ODP of 3D microvascular networks within a hydrogel fluid. (a) Hierarchical and branching networks of sacrificial ink patterned in a gel fluid. (b) Voids induced by nozzle movement are filled with liquid that migrates from the fluid capping layer. (c) Photopolymerization of supporting fluid to get crosslinked hydrogel supporting matrix. (d and e) Microvascular channels were evacuated by applying modest vacuum to liquefied ink. (f) Fluorescent image of a 3D microvascular network fabricated via omnidirectional printing of a sacrificial ink (dyed red) within a photopolymerized F127-diacrylate matrix.

Source: Adapted with permission from Wu et al. ³⁴