Figure 5.

(a) A top view of a lumen entrance (CD31; green) in a thick cardiac tissue (actinin; pink). (b) A model of a tripod blood vessel within a thick engineered cardiac tissue (coordinates in mm). (c) Corresponding lumens in each indicated section of the printed structure. (d) Tissue perfusion visualized from side and front viewpoints. (e) CAD model of human heart. (f and g) A printed heart within a support bath. (h) After infiltration of red and blue dyes into the left and right ventricles of printed heart. (i) 3D confocal image of the printed heart (CMs in pink, ECs in orange). (j and k) Cross-sections of the heart immunostained against sarcomeric actinin (green). Scale bars: (a, c, and h–j) = 1 mm, (g) = 5 mm, and (k) = 50 μm.

Source: Adapted with permission from Noor et al. ⁷⁷