2-Deoxyglucose |
Hexokinase |
Inhibits glycolysis |
Increase CD8+ T cell memory and cytotoxic activity [95] |
PD-1 blocking Antibodies |
PD-1 |
Inhibits glycolysis |
Reinvigorating Exhausted T Cells [207] |
Rapamycin |
mTOR |
Inhibits glycolysis |
Promote memory CD8+ T cell differentiation [174] |
Metformin |
AMPK |
Promote ATP production |
Increase tumor CD8+ T cell infiltration and differentiation [180] |
Diclofenac |
MCT1 & MCT4 |
Reduce lactate efflux |
Delay tumor growth, reverse tumor acidification, preserve T cell function and improve immune checkpoint therapy [14] |
AZD3965 |
MCT1 |
Reduce lactate export into TME |
Increase tumor immune cell infiltration [122] |
Lenalidomide |
MCT1-CD147 ligation |
Reduce lactate export into TME |
Increase IL-2 and IFN-γ production in T cells [123] |
6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) |
Glutamine-requiring enzymes |
Decrease glutamine supply |
Increase longevity and activity of effector T cells [139] |
INCB024360 |
IDO1 |
Inhibit tryptophan catabolism |
Promote T and NK cells proliferation and IFN-γ production, reduce conversion to Tregs [208] |
GDC-0919 |
IDO1 |
Inhibit tryptophan catabolism |
Restore CD8+ T cell activity [209] |
Fenofibrate |
PPAR |
Promote T cell FAO |
Increase tumor CD8+ T cell infiltration [170] |