Table III.
Summary of adjuvant effect on DNA vaccinations against Toxoplasma gondii. A summary of results from publications since 2010 employing adjuvants co-administered with or by DNA vaccination followed by challenge, organized by adjuvant class. Tz = tachyzoites.
| Adjuvant |
Antigen gene(s) |
Acute challenge |
Acute result* |
Chronic challenge |
Chronic result† |
Reference |
| Host Proteins | ||||||
| IL-12 | MIC3 | 10,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Ghaffarifar et al., 2019 |
| IL-12 | GRA7 | 1,500 ME49 cysts | +17% survival | 20 ME49 cysts | +5% reduction | Quan et al., 2012 |
| IL-12 | GRA14 | 100,000 RH Tz | −3 days | None | N.D. | Ahmadpour et al., 2017a |
| IL-12 | ROP1 | 1,500 ME49 cysts | Not significant | 20 ME49 cysts | +5% reduction | Quan et al., 2012 |
| IL-12 | ROP8 | 2,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Foroutan et al., 2020a |
| IL-12 | GRA7 + ROP1 | 1,500 ME49 cysts | +17% survival | 20 ME49 cysts | +5% reduction | Quan et al., 2012 |
| IL-15 | Profilin | None | N.D. | 10 Pru cysts | +2% reduction | Gao et al., 2018 |
| IL-18 | SAG1 | 50 RH Tz | +20% survival | None | N.D. | Liu et al., 2010b |
| IL-18 | ROP13 | 1,000 RH Tz | Not significant | 10 Pru cysts | +26% reduction | Wang et al., 2012 |
| IL-18 | PLP1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Yan et al., 2011 |
| IL-18 | MIC6 + PLP1 | 80 Pru cysts | +4 days | 20 Pru cysts | +3% reduction | Yan et al., 2012 |
| IL-18 | ROP18 + PLP1 | 80 Pru cysts | +3 days | 20 Pru cysts | +5% reduction | Chen et al., 2018 |
| IL-33 | ROP5 + ROP18 | 1,000 RH Tz | +7 days | 6 Pru cysts | +16% reduction | Zhu et al., 2020 |
| IL-7 + IL-15 | CDPK1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +5 days | 10 Pru cysts | +28% reduction | Chen et al., 2016 |
| IL-15 + IL-21 | MIC8 | 1,000 RH Tz | +7 days | 20 Pru cysts | +39% reduction | Li et al., 2014 |
| IL-15 + IL-21 | MIC8 | 80 Pru cysts | +16 days | None | N.D. | Li et al., 2014 |
| IL-15 + IL-21 | CDPK1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +3 days | 20 Pru cysts | +27% reduction | Chen et al., 2014a |
| RANTES | SAG1/GRA2/ GRA7/ROP16 | 1,000 RH Tz | +4 days | None | N.D. | Cao et al., 2015 |
| B7-2 | GRA7 | 1,000 RH Tz | +5 days | None | N.D. | Liu et al., 2014 |
| B7-2 | ROP16 | 1,000 RH Tz | +6 days | None | N.D. | Liu et al., 2014 |
| B7-2 | GRA7 + ROP16 | 1,000 RH Tz | +6 days | None | N.D. | Liu et al., 2014 |
| Other | ||||||
| FliC gene | SAG1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +3 days | None | N.D. | Maraghi et al., 2019 |
| CpG-ODN | SAG1 + GRA7 | 1,000 RH Tz | +11 days | None | N.D. | Mavi et al., 2019 |
| a-GalCer | SAG5d | 10,000 RH Tz | +4 days | None | N.D. | Lu et al., 2014 |
| a-GalCer | CP-C1 | 10,000 RH Tz | +6 days | None | N.D. | Han et al., 2017b |
| R848 | ROP29 | None | N.D. | 20 Pru cysts | +27% reduction | Lu et al., 2018 |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | HSP70 | 10 ME49 cysts | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | Czarnewski et al., 2017 |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | SAG1/AMA1/ ROP2/GRA4 | 10,000 RH Tz | −5 days | None | N.D. | Roozbehani et al., 2018 |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | SAG1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +0 days | None | N.D. | Maraghi et al., 2019 |
| Aluminum Hydroxide | Toxofilin | 10,000 RH Tz | +13 days | 20 Pru Cysts | +9% reduction | Song et al., 2017 |
| MPLA | Toxofilin | 10,000 RH Tz | +14 days | 20 Pru Cysts | +16% reduction | Song et al., 2017 |
| Alum + MPLA | Toxofilin | 10,000 RH Tz | +23 days | 20 Pru cysts | +33% reduction | Song et al., 2017 |
| Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles | GRA14 | 100,000 RH Tz | +0 days | None | N.D. | Ahmadpour et al., 2017b |
| Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles | ROM4 | 1,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Rahimi et al., 2017 |
| Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles | ROM4 + GRA14 | 1,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Rahimi et al., 2017 |
| Levamisole | GRA6 | 1,000 RH Tz | +13% survival | None | N.D. | Sun et al., 2011 |
| pSPreS2 | SAG1 + GRA2 | 10,000 RH Tz | +1 day | None | N.D. | Zhou et al., 2012 |
| Saponin | SAG1 | 1,000 RH Tz | +0 days | None | N.D. | Maraghi et al., 2019 |
| HbsAg | SAG1 + ROP2 | 1,000 RH Tz | 20% survival | None | N.D. | Sun et al., 2020 |
*
Acute result: n % survival indicates the percentage of vaccinated mice surviving parasite challenge; or +n days indicates the number of days vaccination permitted survival beyond antigen alone group.
†
Chronic result: indicates reduction in brain cyst numbers beyond antigen alone group. N.D. indicates not determined.