Table 3.
Course of alcohol use, alcohol-related symptoms and consequences as well as comorbid psychopathology over time
| PRE (n = 25) |
FU1 (n = 24) |
FU2 (n = 24) |
Statistic F-Value/ Χ2-Value |
η2 a | Hedges’s gb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol-related symptoms (AUDIT), mean (SD)c | 27.92 (7.33) | 9.67 (8.92) | 6.79 (3.83) | 74.15*** | 0.77 | 3.49 |
| Alcohol consumption in standard drinks on a typical day with consumption, mean (SD)d | 23.19 (12.80) | 4.72 (6.26) | 2.90 (2.47) | 48.19***e | 0.69 | 2.13 |
| Percentage of days with consumption, mean (SD) | 69.76 (22.41) | 18.13 (25.75) | 19.59 (26.96) | 45.02***e, f | 0.68 | 1.96 |
| Obsessive thoughts related to drinking (OCDS), mean (SD)g | 12.00 (6.36) | 4.83 (5.20) | 5.09 (4.49) | 18.76***f | 0.47 | 1.21 |
| Compulsive drinking behavior (OCDS), mean (SD)g | 13.80 (4.52) | 6.33 (6.16) | 7.08 (4.58) | 19.17*** | 0.47 | 1.43 |
| Craving intensity in the past week, mean (SD)h | 5.84 (2.70) | 3.04 (3.21) | 2.83 (2.71) | 10.91***f | 0.34 | 1.07 |
| Craving frequency in the past week, mean (SD)h | 5.36 (3.16) | 2.46 (2.90) | 2.61 (2.81) | 10.39***f | 0.33 | 0.89 |
| Functioning impairment due to alcohol or other mental health related issues (LFS), mean (SD)i | 0.31 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.08 (0.18) | 10.27**e | 0.32 | 0.84 |
| Stigmatization because of alcohol-related problems (PSQ), mean (SD)j | 0.82 (0.88) | 0.26 (0.43) | 0.25 (0.56) | 9.86**f, k | 0.75 | |
| PTSD Symptoms (PDS), mean (SD)l | 2.08 (4.65) | 1.39 (2.98) | 1.88 (4.68) | 0.05k | 0.04 | |
| Depression Symptoms (DHSCL), mean (SD)n | 2.13 (0.68) | 1.47 (0.50) | 1.70 (0.69) | 9.49**k | 0.61 |
Note. a Effect sizes of ≥ .01 are considered small, of ≥ .06 medium and of ≥ .14 large (n = 23). b Effect sizes are reported for PRE to FU2 only (n = 24). Hedges’s g is interpreted equivalent to Cohen’s d, i.e. values of ≥ .20 are considered small, of ≥ .50 medium and of ≥ .80 large. c possible score range: 0–40. d One standard drink is defined as a drink containing 13 g of pure ethanol, e.g. 1 bottle of beer at 330 ml and 5%. e The assumption of sphericity is violated, significance is reported according to the Greenhouse-Geisser correction. f reduced n = 22 for repeated measures ANOVA and n = 23 for Hedges’s g. g possible score range: 0–20. h possible score range: 0–10. i possible score range: 0–2. j possible score range: 0–4. k The assumption of normality is considerably violated, therefore significance is determined via the non-parametric Friedman test, Χ2-values are reported. l possible score range: 0–51. m possible score range: 1–4
significance: **p < .01, ***p < .001