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. 2021 Dec 1;40:376. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02192-2

Table 1.

Structure, mechanism of action and side effects of NMD pathway inhibitors

Molecule Structure Mechanism of action Side effects
Aminoglycosides [71] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Figa_HTML.gif PTC readthrough Toxic at clinical active concentrations
Caffeine [72] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Figb_HTML.gif SMG1 inhibition Toxicity, highly aspecific by targeting several kinases
NMDI-1 [73, 74] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Figc_HTML.gif Stabilization of the phosphorylated form of UPF1 No side effects in mice
5-azacytidine [75] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Figd_HTML.gif Non identified, but c-MYC-mediated Already approved for the treatment of diverse malignancies
Amlexanox [76] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Fige_HTML.gif Inhibits NMD at a late stage Clinically approved for aphthous ulcers
NMDI14 [77] graphic file with name 13046_2021_2192_Figf_HTML.gif Disrupts the SMG7–UPF1 complex Negligible toxicity in cell-based assays